【正文】 8). In the case of a cylindrical initial segment, energy dissipation 6 occurs smoothly, with only 60% of the initial energy of the flow dissipating over a distance of 15dw (Fig. 8a). In a system with a conical vortex generator and energy dissipation chamber behind the generator, 86% of the initial energy of the flow dissipates as it travels through this segment, CONCLUSIONS Application of the constructions ot vortex tunnel spillways that we have considered enable us to ensure effective dissipation of the excess kiic energy and overall reliability of the structure. The operating reliability of vortex spillways that are based on energy dissipation in the tailrace tunnel in accordance with the schemes that have been considered in the present article is confirmed by the fact that the pressure fluctuations and the intensity of the turbulence dissipate smoothly throughout the tunnel and by the fact that these quantities are low level at the point of discharge of the flow into the lower pond. The conditions imposed by the configuration of a vortex spillway that is part of a hydraulic project are of decisive importance in deciding which energy dissipation scheme to adopt. 7 eferences , M. Turkey39。 for the Tel39。s attention to essentially novel (., in terms of configuration and operating conditions) vortex spillways which utilize vortextype flows. On the one hand, these types of spillways make possible largescale dissipation of the kiic energy of the flow on the initial leg of the tailrace segment, and, as aconsequence, flow rates of slightly vortextype and axial flows through the subsequent legs that do not produce cavitation damage. On the other hand, the dangerous effect of high flow rates on the streamlined surface decreases over the length of the initial tailrace leg as a consequence of the increased pressure on the wall caused by the effect of centrifugal forces. A number of structural studies of tunnel spillways for hydraulic works such as the Rogunskii, Teri, Tel39。mamskii, and Tupolangskii hydraulic works based on different operating principles have now been pleted. These constructions may be divided into the following basic groups: vortextype (or socalled singlevortex type) spillways with smooth dissipation of the flow energy throughout the length of the tunnel when L r (60 80)hT or (60 80)dT (where dT and hT are the diameter and height of the tunnel), while the crosssection of the tunnel is either circular or nearcircular throughout its length. vortextype spillways with increasingly greater dissipation of the energy of the vortextype flow over a shorter length 2 Lr (60 80)hT of a noncircular section river diversion tunnel (horseshoeshaped, square, triangular) which is connected to the eddy chamber either by means of an energydissipation (expansion) or by means of a smooth transition leg。mamskii hydraulic works, Are q = 。s hydropower potential and development policies, hydroelectric dams (4), Turkey: 1999. , systems engineering methods and applications. IEEE Press, New York, 1977. , water energy projects. Wiley, New York: 1968. . Systems Engineering Handbook, MCGRAW Hill, New York: 1965. . Systems engineering methodology. Fan ? Nostrand, Princeton, NJ: 1962. Shang. Water Resources Engineering, Wuhan: Hubei Science and Technology Press, 1990. Hongshuo, Weng situation up. Hydraulic Structures. Beijing: China Water Power Press, 1999. 8 旋渦隧道溢洪道及 液壓操作條件 ， 戈藍， ， V. ，和 內容摘要 隧道式溢洪道，廣泛應用于中、高壓液壓工程。有鑒于此，我們希望 引起 讀者的注意，基本上是新的 概念 （即，在配置和操作條件），利用旋渦流溢洪道。一些結構性的研究隧道溢洪道液壓等工程 rogunskii，泰瑞， tel39。終端部分尾水洞渦流溢洪道可以構造的形式， 一個挑斗，消力池，或特殊結構取決于流量的出口從隧道和條件的下游航道。然而，每一個實際工程設計結構也必須進行評估 。 評價設計溢洪道 的尺寸 。軸的直徑是由近等于 尾水管的直徑。這是負責運輸能 力和流動制度基本的 條件。 引水管道的渦軸發(fā)電機 的軸是呈傾斜角度的 。應該指出的是，渦流節(jié)點設計 =空調機作用， 其中 的幾何參數 是 該渦流 發(fā)生器需要維持所需的預旋流動 時間的數據 。 預旋 流動的 渦 流 生成裝置在距離 處 從軸的基礎上 來 確定圖形依賴性。前者用以宣泄設計洪水，后者用于宣泄非常洪水。泄槽與溢流堰正交，過堰水流與泄槽軸線方向一致。 ③ 井式溢洪道。岸邊溢洪道通常由進水渠、