【正文】 e author of a number of books, including Manufacturing Consent (1988, with Noam Chomsky), Triumph of the Market (1996), and The Global Media (1997, with Robert McChesney). 8 【譯文】 全球化的威脅 愛德華 it pelled them to adapt austerity programs of tight money and budget cutbacks focusing heavily on social expenditures affecting the poor and ordinary citizens。s Mexico. Capital moves to 4 such friendly investment climes in an arbitrage process, shifting resources from the more expensive to the less costly locale, in a process that penalizes and thereby weakens democracy. The actual shift of capital abroad, and the use of the external option to drive hard bargains at home, has weakened labor. Labor has also been weakened by deliberate government policies of tight money and restrictive budget policies to contain inflation, at the expense of high unemployment. These policies, and the incessant focus on labor market flexibility as the solution to the unemployment problem, reflect a corporate and antilabor policy agenda, fully institutionalized. There have even been more open and direct attacks on organized laborboth Reagan and Thatcher engaged in union busting, and the latter was quite explicit in her aim to weaken labor as a political force. Democracy, according to pluralistic theory, is said to rest on the existence of intermediate groups, like labor organizations, that can bargain and work on behalf of an otherwise atomized population. The deliberate weakening of such groups is thus an attack on democracy. The ideological campaign In the United States, Britain, Canada, and other countries the business munity has also mounted a sustained ideological campaign to make their preferred policies part of mon understanding. These campaigns have proceeded in parallel with globalization and have been remarkably similar, reflecting the global flow of ideology and overlapping sources of funding. The favored neoliberal ideology pushes the idea that the market can do it all, that government is a burden and threat, and that deregulation and privatization are inherently good and inevitable. It presses an extreme individualism and the value of personal responsibility, which is highly advantageous to corporate power, leaving bargaining between large firms and isolated individuals. Collective and munity values, the threat of externalities and ecological damage from unconstrained business growth, free market instabilityall are shunted aside in this ideological system. This ideological campaign has been highly successful, because vast sums of business money fed to intellectuals and thinktanks, and business domination of the mass media, has allowed their views to prevail. Heritage Foundation leader Edwin Feulner has described the strategy of his corporate funded and globally linked thinktank as analogous to Procter amp。s population, live on under two dollars a day。 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文資料翻譯 1 The Threat of Globalization By Edward S. Herman New Politics vol. 7, no. 2 (new series), whole no. 26 Winter 1999 Globalization is both an active process of corporate expansion across borders and a structure of crossborder facilities and economic linkages that has been steadily growing and changing as the process gathers steam. Like its conceptual partner free trade, globalization is also an ideology, whose function is to reduce any resistance to the process by making it seem both highly beneficent and unstoppable. And as with free trade, while globalization may sometimes yield economic benefits, both the process and economicpolitical regime it is helping bring about threaten progressive ends, and should be recognized as such and fought at every level. Admittedly this is a formidable task, as the economic and political power of its beneficiaries, and its momentum, are great and contesting it seems an almost utopian undertaking. But globalization has its vulnerabilities, and attacking it intellectually, at the local level of plant abandonments and moves, as well as at the national political level can help build understanding and support for a larger oppositional movement. Globalization as Ideology Globalization is just one of an array of concepts and arguing points that have been mobilized to advance the corporate agenda. Others have been deregulation and getting government off our backs, balancing the budget, cutting back entitlements (noncorporate), and free trade. Like free trade, globalization has an aura of virtue. Just as freedom must be good, so globalization hints at internationalism and solidarity between countries, as opposed to nationalism and protectionism, which have negative connotations. The possibility that crossborder trade and investment might be economically damaging to the weaker party, or that they might erode democratic controls in both the stronger and weaker countries, is excluded from consideration by mainstream economists and pundits. It is also unthinkable in the mainstream that the contest between free trade and globalization, on the one hand, and protectionism, on the other, might be reworded as a struggle