【正文】 第一篇：teamwork TED 演講Several years ago here at TED, Peter Skillman introduced a design challenge called the marshmallow the idea39。s pretty simple: Teams of four have to build the tallest freestanding structure out of 20 sticks of spaghetti, one yard of tape, one yard of string and a marshmallow has to be on , though it seems really simple, it39。s actually pretty hard because it forces people to collaborate very so, I thought this was an interesting idea, and I incorporated it into a design it was a huge since then, I39。ve conducted about 70 design workshops across the world with students and designers and architects, even the CTOs of the Fortune 50, and there39。s something about this exercise that reveals very deep lessons about the nature of collaboration, and I39。d like to share some of them with :01 So, normally, most people begin by orienting themselves to the talk about it, they figure out what it39。s going to look like, they jockey for they spend some time planning, organizing, they sketch and they lay out spend the majority of their time assembling the sticks into evergrowing then finally, just as they39。re running out of time, someone takes out the marshmallow, and then they gingerly put it on top, and then they stand back, andtada!they admire their what really happens, most of the time, is that the “tada” turns into an “uhoh,” because the weight of the marshmallow causes the entire structure to buckle and to :44 So there are a number of people who have a lot more “uhoh” moments than others, and among the worst are recent graduates of business school.(Laughter)They lie, they cheat, they get distracted and they produce really lame of course there are teams that have a lot more “tada” structures, and among the best are recent graduates of kindergarten.(Laughter)And it39。s pretty Peter tells us, not only do they produce the tallest structures, but they39。re the most interesting structures of them :18 So the question you want to ask is: How e? Why? What is it about them? And Peter likes to say that none of the kids spend any time trying to be CEO of Spaghetti, ? They don39。t spend time jockeying for there39。s another reason as the reason is that business students are trained to find the single right plan, right? And then they execute on then what happens is, when they put the marshmallow on the top, they run out of time and what happens? It39。s a familiar? kindergarteners do differently is that they start with the marshmallow, and they build prototypes, successive prototypes, always keeping the marshmallow on top, so they have multiple times to fix when they build prototypes along the recognize this type of collaboration as the essence of the iterative with each version, kids get instant feedback about what works and what doesn39。t :12 So the capacity to play in prototype is really essential, but let39。s look at how different teams the average for most people is around 20 inches。business schools students, about half of that。lawyers, a little better, but not much better than that, kindergarteners, better than most does the very best? Architects and engineers, thankfully.(Laughter)Thirtynine inches is the tallest structure I39。ve why is it? Because they understand triangles and selfreinforcing geometrical patterns are the key to building stable CEOs, a little bit better than average, but here39。s where it gets you put you put an executive the team, they get significantly better.(Laughter)It39。s know, you look around, you go, “Oh, that team39。s going to win.” You can just tell why is that? Because they have special skills of manage the process, they understand the any team who manages and pays close attention to work will significantly improve the team39。s skills and facilitation skills are the bination that leads to strong you have 10 teams that typically perform, you39。ll get maybe six or so that have standing :30 And I tried something thought, let39。s up the ante, I offered a 10,000 dollar prize of software to the winning what do you think happened to these design students? What was the result? Here39。s what happened: Not one team had a standing anyone had built, say, a one inch structure, they would have taken home the , isn39。t that interesting? That high stakes have a strong did the exercise again with the same do you think happened then? So now they understand the value of the same team went fro