【正文】 第一篇：詞匯的翻譯第二節(jié) 詞匯的翻譯在掌握了詞匯的確切含義之后，就需要用最貼切、最合乎習(xí)慣的漢語來表達了。由于一詞多義以及各種色彩的存在，英漢詞匯之間一對一的翻譯并不多，往往需要譯者按照翻譯標準對原詞信息進行引申、推移。2．2．1 引申所謂引申，就是在不能做到和原語語義完全等值的情況下，根據(jù)目的語的習(xí)慣，從原義出發(fā)獲得一種新的語義的翻譯方法，這種新語義必須具有最大的篇章合理性。引申的方法一般有：具體與抽象之間的引申，具體與概括之間的引申，含蓄與明晰之間的引申等。其中尤其以具體與抽象之間的引申在英漢翻譯實踐中最為常用，這是因為漢語缺乏詞尾變化，漢語的用詞多具體而少抽象,這和英語正好相反。所以在英譯漢中，把抽象的意義具體化就成了最常用的引申方法。例如： is the admiration of the whole 。 had surfaced with less visibility in the policy ，他已經(jīng)不那么拋頭露面了。 they wanted most was an end of 。 must have been this obvious aimlessness that led to my 。 shilling life will give you all the ，就會了解全部事實。英漢翻譯中也有使具體語義抽象化的情況。例如： have their smiles and 。 life has its roses and 。 of laser in medicine is still in its 。除了抽象與具體之間的相互引申以外，還有含蓄與明晰之間的引申： 39。t she swear she39。d never again believe anything in trousers? 她不是曾發(fā)誓她再也不相信男人了嗎？ is the policy upon which we will act, e what ，成敗利害，在所不計。 Brown is a very white was looking rather green the other has been feeling blue I saw him he was in a brown hope he39。ll soon be in the pink 。那天，他臉上頗有病容。近來他悶悶不樂。我見到他時，他在沉思之中。希望他早日恢復(fù)健康。有的時候還要根據(jù)搭配進行語義的合理變化。例如著名翻譯家楊必翻譯的《名利場》中有這樣一個句子：yet, as it sometimes happens that a person departs his life, who is really deserving of the praises the stone cutter curves over his bones。who is a good Christian, a good parent, child, wife or husband。who actually does have a disconsolate family to mourn his loss.………不過偶然也有幾個死人當?shù)闷鹗晨淘谒麄冃喙巧系暮迷挕Ｕ娴氖球\的教徒，慈愛的父母，孝順的兒女，賢良的妻子，盡職的丈夫，他們家里的人也的確哀思綿綿地追悼他們…… 2．2．2 詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯根據(jù)漢語表達的需要，在詞匯翻譯中，往往還要用到另外一個翻譯技巧，那就是詞類的轉(zhuǎn)譯。名詞──動詞1)After the acplishment of the present task, there will follow a more arduous ，還有更艱巨的任務(wù)。2)His weariness determined him to sit down in the first convenient ，因此下決心，一遇到就近的蔭涼處就坐下來休息。3)I am so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my ，因為在我小時候他總是不斷地鼓勵我。4)His very appearance at any affairs proclaims it a ，只要他一露面，就算是成功了。5)He urged upon citizens of the country the necessity of persisting in participation in political ，必須堅持參加政治論戰(zhàn)。6)A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln 。7)A view of can be obtained 。8)Every morning she would go to the lake area for a 。9)I am afraid I can39。t teach you think my little brother is a better teacher than ，我弟弟教得比我好。10)She had high praise for , although she plained about his ，但抱怨他過于嚴格。介詞──動詞1)She went to the shop for a bottle of 。2)“Coming”!Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.“來啦”！她轉(zhuǎn)身蹦著跳著跑了，越過草地，經(jīng)過小徑，跨上臺階，穿過涼臺，進了門廊。3)We drove home a bit after midnight, over the river and through the lovely old sleeping ，我們驅(qū)車回家。先過了河，又穿過了這個在酣睡中的古老而可愛的城市。4)I39。m always with 。形容詞──動詞1)He is too ignorant of the ways of the 。2)We are hopeful of success in this 。3)It was a very informative 。4)This house is unheated and ，也沒有任何家具。動詞──名詞1)Edison patented over one thousand separate inventions during his 。2)It is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of 。3)He was motivated by a desire to reach a 。4)He objected that the plan is not ：這個計劃不現(xiàn)實。5)A welldressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the ，他的外表和談吐都像美國人。形容詞名詞He looked at me as if I were 。副詞──名詞1)He is strong physically but weak ，可智力很弱。2)It is as morally hard to turn her away as it is a lost ，你很難將她趕走，就像你很難趕走一條喪家之犬一樣。3)It was officially announced that Paris is invited to the ，巴黎方面被邀請出席會議。名詞──形容詞1)In all this great serenity of ocean it is seldom that we espy so much as another ，我們難得看見其它船只。2)Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in 。名詞──副詞1)The man nodded with 。2)The girl wore all smiles on meeting those guests from remote 。2．2．3 推移在翻譯過程中，原文的一個詞不見得必須翻譯成相應(yīng)的一個漢語詞，完全可以根據(jù)情況翻譯成詞組或者句子，這就是詞的推移。2．2．3．1 詞與短語之間的推移： you have to dress, start early enough so that you can be ready when the meal is ，那就早點開始，這樣在宣布開飯時，你就什么都準備好了。 saw her father lying on his back in the bed, slightly snoring, and Herb stretched across the bed39。s ，輕輕打著鼾，赫伯橫躺在床腳邊。2．2．3．2 詞翻譯成句子：副詞推移成句子The diningroom was inconveniently ，讓人感到不舒服。Incidentally, I hope to get better medical treatment in these countries than I can possibly get here in the United ，我希望能在這些國家得到比我在美國這里所能得到的更好的治療。They, not surprisingly, did not respond at ，這是不足為奇的。詞組或短語推移成句子或句子的一部分 looked in vain for her I had first seen the night before。she was not ，卻沒找到，根本看不見她的人影。 arrived in Washington at a ripe moment ，就國際形勢來說，時機正合適。 for his father, John failed the exam several ，約翰好幾次考試不及格。 had experienced oxygen and/or engine ，不是氧氣設(shè)備出故障，就是引擎出故障，或者兩者都出故障。 new kind of aircraftsmall, cheap, pilotlessis attracting increasing ，這種飛機體積不大，價格便宜，并且不需要人駕駛。 left a note of wele for me, as sunny as his ，對我表示歡迎。那封信寫得熱情洋溢，一如其人。形容詞推移成句子 was dressed in her rusty oldfashioned best and clutched a worn shopping ，這是她最好的了，手里緊緊握著一只破舊的購物袋。3)Thus it was that our little romantic friend formed vision of the future for herself… 我們的小朋友一腦袋幻想，憧憬著美好的未來…4)He had a sound feeling that idiom was the backbone of a language and he was all for the racy ，因此特別主張用生動的短語，他的想法是非常正確的。5)You are talking delightful ，倒也滿有情趣。動詞推移成句子Let us admit, and regret, that he honestly believes it impossible to differ from him ，他真的相信凡與他抱有不同見解的人不可能是一個正人君子，這是很令人遺憾的事。名詞推移成句子1)To him, the presence or absence of his wife39。s sister was a matter of ，不來也好，他都無所謂。2)Lower temperatures are associated with lower growth ，生長速度就會慢下來。非謂語形式推移成句子由于非謂語形式只是在語法上不做謂語成分，在語義上還保留著動作意義，所以有更大的可能翻譯成漢語句子。1)He crashed down on a protesting ，椅子被壓得吱吱作響。2)For the last few months disturbing rumours had been ing to her ，她耳朵里不時傳來些謠言，使她心煩意亂。第二篇：翻譯詞匯(China National Petroleum Corporation)基本藥物目錄：essential drugs list軟組織損傷：soft tissue injury 繩之以法：bring to justice連續(xù)三天：for three straight/consecutive days總參謀長：Chief of the General Staff陸軍總長：Chief of Staff of the Army臨床測試：medical trial, clinical trial國家食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局：the State Food and Drug Administration 竊取國家機密：steal state secrets美國駐中國大使： to China為…舉行的國葬：the state funeral for ：bid farewell to諒解備忘錄：Memorandums of Understanding視察：inspection tour啟動“共同體民事保護機