【正文】 本科畢業(yè)論文 （ 普通高等教育 ） 題 目 住宅建筑的電力負(fù)荷分析與計(jì)算 學(xué) 院 工學(xué)院 專(zhuān)業(yè)名稱(chēng) 自動(dòng)化 班 級(jí) 自動(dòng)化 062 學(xué) 號(hào) 姓 名 指導(dǎo)教師 北京林業(yè)大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文 I 住宅建筑的電力負(fù)荷分析與計(jì)算 自動(dòng)化 062 班 指導(dǎo) 教 師 摘要 電力負(fù)荷的正確計(jì)算是選擇供電系統(tǒng)的導(dǎo)線(xiàn)、開(kāi)關(guān)電器及變壓器等設(shè)備的基礎(chǔ)參數(shù)，也是保障供電系統(tǒng)安全、節(jié)能運(yùn)行必不可少的重要一環(huán)。電力負(fù)荷計(jì)算過(guò)小，就會(huì)引起供電線(xiàn)路過(guò)熱，加速其絕緣的老化，還會(huì)過(guò)多損耗能量，可能引起電氣線(xiàn)路走火，引發(fā)重大事故；電力負(fù)荷計(jì)算過(guò)大，將會(huì)造成變壓器容量過(guò)剩，以及供電線(xiàn)路截面過(guò)大，相應(yīng)的保護(hù)整定值就會(huì)定得過(guò)高，從而降低了電氣設(shè)備保護(hù)的靈敏度；與此同時(shí)，電力 負(fù)荷計(jì)算過(guò)大還增加了投資，降低了工程的經(jīng)濟(jì)性。 通常當(dāng)電力負(fù)荷增大 10%時(shí)，變壓器容量要增加 11%一 12%，電線(xiàn)電纜等有色金屬的消耗量相應(yīng)增加 15%一 20%，同時(shí)還會(huì)增加變壓器無(wú)功功率所造成的有功電力損耗。因此電力負(fù)荷及其特征參數(shù)計(jì)算在建筑供電設(shè)計(jì)中，特別是在確定變壓器容量時(shí)占據(jù)重要位置。 電力負(fù)荷計(jì)算的準(zhǔn)確性在于負(fù)荷量與需要量的合理選取。本文選擇住宅建筑的電氣負(fù)荷為研究對(duì)象，根據(jù)現(xiàn)行國(guó)家設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范，采用基于 Excel軟件的回歸分析方法，建立了以家用電器功率為自變量、住宅計(jì)算負(fù)荷為因變量的負(fù)荷預(yù)測(cè)模型 ，從而解決了規(guī)范中單純依靠建筑面積所帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題，并可應(yīng)用于不同經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況的住宅的負(fù)荷預(yù)測(cè)。另外通過(guò)研究住宅需要系數(shù)的變化規(guī)律，采用一種三段歸納求和法擬合了需要系數(shù)與住宅戶(hù)數(shù)之間的數(shù)學(xué)模擬式，獲得了不同的住宅戶(hù)數(shù)所對(duì)應(yīng)的不同的需要系數(shù)，從而避免了工程設(shè)計(jì)中需要系數(shù)選值的不確定性與經(jīng)驗(yàn)性，提高負(fù)荷計(jì)算的精度，使之更科學(xué)地貼近工程實(shí)際。 關(guān)鍵字： 住宅計(jì)算負(fù)荷，需要系數(shù)，負(fù)荷預(yù)測(cè)，擬合 Electric power load analysis and calculations on Uptown Automation Speciality 062 Zhang Long Supervisor Han Ning Abstract 北京林業(yè)大學(xué)本科 畢業(yè)論文 II Correct calculation of load is very important, it is the correct choice of power supply system, wire, switches, transformers and other electrical appliances and the foundation of safe and reliable power supply system is to protect an important part of running essential. In program design and preliminary design, the electrical load calculation is too small or too large, would lead to serious consequences. If the load calculation is too small, overheating will cause power lines to speed up the aging of the insulation。 the same time, the energy loss will be excessive, causing electrical wiring fire, triggering a major accident. The power load calculation is too large, will cause excess transformer capacity, and the supply line section is too large, the corresponding protection setting value will be too high, thereby reducing the sensitivity of the protection of electrical equipment。 At the same time, the power load calculation excessive investment also increased, reducing the project39。s economics. Generally speaking, when the load is greater than 10% of the actual use of load, the transformer capacity to increase 11% to 12%, the consumption of nonferrous metals such as wire and cable have increased by 15% to 20%, while also increasing transformer reactive power caused by the active power consumption. Thus, the power supply design load calculation, especially in determining the capacity of the transformer when occupied an important position. Therefore, the right to choose the method of calculation of load and the characteristic parameters of the electrical design of particular importance. Electrical load calculation residential buildings, affecting a variety of distribution facilities, residential and reasonable choice, bearing thousands of households in the electrical safety and reliable operation of electrical equipment. Under the current needs of the national standard remended by the coefficient, critical load calculation is reasonably accurate calculation of housing need factor load and a reasonable selection, this paper to study the two main elements are: how to determine the calculation of housing units and how to load index Select a scientific factor, thus avoiding the need for engineering design in the election coefficient value of uncertainty and empirical, to improve the accuracy of load calculations, making it more scientifically close to engineering practice. Keywords: residential load calculation， needs to factor， load forecasting， fitting 北京林業(yè)大學(xué)本科 畢業(yè)論文 III 目錄 1 緒論 .......................................................................................................................................... 1 研究的目的及意義 ........................................................................................................... 1 國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀 ............................................................................................................... 1 本文主要工作 ................................................................................................................... 2 北京林業(yè)大學(xué)本科 畢業(yè)論文 IV 2 電力負(fù)荷計(jì)算理論基礎(chǔ) .............................................................................................................. 4 建筑電力負(fù)荷的分類(lèi) ........................................................................................................ 4 電力負(fù)荷的分級(jí)及對(duì)供電電源的要求 ............................................................................... 4 電力負(fù)荷的分級(jí) ..................................................................................................... 4 各級(jí)電力 負(fù)荷對(duì)供電電源的要求 ............................................................................ 4 電力用戶(hù)負(fù)荷計(jì)算 ........................................................................................................... 5 按逐級(jí)計(jì)算法確定用戶(hù)負(fù)荷 ................................................................................... 5 按需要系數(shù)法確定用 戶(hù)負(fù)荷 ................................................................................... 5 按年產(chǎn)量估算用戶(hù)負(fù)荷 .......................................................................................... 5 國(guó)家民用建筑電氣設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范中的負(fù)荷計(jì)算 ........................................................................ 6 3 各種經(jīng)典的電力負(fù)荷計(jì)算方 法 ................................................................................................... 8 計(jì)算負(fù)荷及計(jì)算方法 ........................................................................................................ 8 計(jì)算負(fù)荷 ............................................................................................................... 8 負(fù)荷計(jì)算方法 ............................................................