【正文】 Operations Management For Competitive Advantage 169。The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2023 CHASE AQUILANO JACOBS ninth edition 1 第二篇 運作系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計 第三章 工藝流程分析 ?工藝流程的基本概念 ?工藝流程的類型 ?工藝流程的績效衡量指標 ?工藝流程的分析 ?工藝流程的改進 Operations Management For Competitive Advantage 169。The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2023 CHASE AQUILANO JACOBS ninth edition 2 How Important is It? Operations Management For Competitive Advantage 169。The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2023 CHASE AQUILANO JACOBS ninth edition 3 Case ? McDonald VS Chinese Food ? Las Vegas Slot Machine: Mechanical VS Electronic Operations Management For Competitive Advantage 169。The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2023 CHASE AQUILANO JACOBS ninth edition 4 工藝流程的定義及描述 ? 工藝流程（ Process） 是指能夠把一定投入變換成一定產(chǎn)出的一系列任務(wù)（即工序），這些任務(wù)由物流和信息流有機地連接在一起 ? 流程圖（ Flowchart） 是分析流程的一個理想的工具 Operations Management For Competitive Advantage 169。The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2023 CHASE AQUILANO JACOBS ninth edition 5 Flowchart Symbols Tasks or operations Examples: Giving an admission ticket to a customer, installing a engine in a car, etc. Decision Points Examples: How much change should be given to a customer, which wrench should be used, etc. Operations Management For Competitive Advantage 169。The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2023 CHASE AQUILANO JACOBS ninth edition 6 Flowchart Symbols (Continued) Storage areas or queues Examples: Sheds, lines of people waiting for a service, etc. Flows of materials or customers Examples: Customers moving to the a seat, mechanic getting a tool, etc. Operations Management For Competitive Advantage 169。The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2023 CHASE AQUILANO JACOBS ninth edition 7 Example: Flowchart of Student Going to School Yes No Stay at home Go to school today? Walk to class Drive to school Operations Management For Competitive Advantage 169。The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2023 CHASE AQUILANO JACOBS ninth edition 8 Operations Management For Competitive Advantage 169。The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2023 CHASE AQUILANO JACOBS ninth edition 9 多步工藝（ Multistage Process） Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 ?阻塞 Blocking occurs when the activities in a stage must stop because there is no place to deposit the item just pleted. ?挨餓 Starving occurs when the activities in a stage must stop because there is no work. ?瓶頸 Bottleneck is a resource that limits the capacity or maximum output of the process. Operations Management For Competitive Advantage 169。The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2023 CHASE AQUILANO JACOBS ninth edition 10 具有緩沖的多步工藝（ Multistage Process with Buffer） Stage 1 Stage 2 Buffer ?Buffer allows stages to operate independently. Operations Management For Competitive Advantage 169。The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2023 CHASE AQUILANO JACOBS ninth edition 11 Operations Management For Competitive Advantage 169。The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2023 CHASE AQUILANO JACOBS ninth edition 12 工藝流程的構(gòu)成要素 ? 投入 – 為了生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品或提供服務(wù)所需的人力、物料、設(shè)備、能源等資源要素 ? 產(chǎn)出 – 具有一定使用價值的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù) – 衡量產(chǎn)出的價值需同時從其價格、質(zhì)量及時間性等幾個方面去考慮 ? 任務(wù) – 把投入的資源要素向產(chǎn)出方向轉(zhuǎn)換的行為或活動，又可稱為工序 – 一項任務(wù)的