第3章-消費(fèi)者理論(已修改)
2025-03-05 00:02 本頁(yè)面
【正文】 主講教師：周飛躍 講師 微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)分析 Intermediate Microeconomics 產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)： ?企業(yè)出售 ?家庭購(gòu)買 企業(yè) ?生產(chǎn)出售物品與勞務(wù) ?雇傭并使用生產(chǎn)要素 家庭 ?購(gòu)買并消費(fèi)物品與勞務(wù) ?擁有并出售生產(chǎn)要素 生產(chǎn)要素市場(chǎng)： ?家庭出售 ?企業(yè)購(gòu)買 ?生產(chǎn)什么 ?怎樣生產(chǎn) ?為誰(shuí)生產(chǎn) 收益 支出 物品與勞務(wù)出售 物品與勞務(wù)購(gòu)買 生產(chǎn)投入 勞動(dòng)、土地和資本 生產(chǎn)投入 工資、租金與利潤(rùn) 收入 物品與勞務(wù)的流向 貨幣的流向 微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的兩個(gè)主要原則 ?最大化：效用最大化 、 利潤(rùn)最大化 ?均衡： 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的局限性： Ch 3: 消費(fèi)者理論 北京信息科技大學(xué)工商分院 微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)分析 Intermediate Microeconomics by Zhou Fei Yue ? 在任何有關(guān)消費(fèi)者選擇的模型里，存在四大構(gòu)造區(qū)域 – 消費(fèi)集 X ：代表一切備擇物或整個(gè)消費(fèi)計(jì)劃的集合。 假設(shè) 消費(fèi)集 X的性質(zhì)（消費(fèi)集的最低條件）是： Xx, ), ,(x 1 ???? ?nin RxxxXXXRXn????.3.2.1是凸的是閉的?第一節(jié) Preference – 可行集 B：代表一切的可選擇的消費(fèi)計(jì)劃 ——是現(xiàn)實(shí)中在給定的環(huán)境里消費(fèi)者可獲得的消費(fèi)備選物。則 – 偏好關(guān)系：對(duì)消費(fèi)者感知選擇環(huán)境的能力，以及消費(fèi)者對(duì)不同選擇對(duì)象的好惡信息等限制。 – 行為假設(shè)：消費(fèi)者用于作出最終選擇并確認(rèn)選擇中的最終目標(biāo)的指導(dǎo)原理 ——消費(fèi)者尋求認(rèn)定與選擇一個(gè)可以獲得的備擇物，后者依照其個(gè)人的喜好確定，屬于最受偏愛(ài)的選擇。 XB ?Rationality in Economics ? Behavioral Postulate: A decision maker always chooses its most preferred alternative from its set of available alternatives. ? So to model choice we must define ? Preferences over alternatives ? Available alternatives Notations ? 消費(fèi)束 為 一組商品 : x={x1, …, x n} ? Vector of prices: p={p1, …, p n}, where each price is nonnegative (pi ?0, for all i) ? y is the lump sum money ine Properties of the Consumption Set, X 消費(fèi)集 Consumption set, X, represent the set of all alternatives, or plete consumption plans, that the consumer can conceive—whether some of them will be achievable in practice or not. Sometimes, consumption set is also called choice set. 消費(fèi)束 Let x=(x1, x2,…x n) be a vector containing different quantities of each of the n modities, x is called a consumption bundle or consumption plan. Properties of the Consumption Set, X Assumption : 消費(fèi)集的最低條件 1. ??X?Rn+ 2. X is closed 3. X is convex. 4. 0 ?X. Properties of the Consumption Set, X 可行集 All those consumption plans that are both conceivable and more important, realistically obtainable given the consumer circumstances. Feasible set is that subset of the consumption set that remains after we have accounted for any constraints on the consumer’ s access to modities due to the practical, institutional, or economic realities of the world. Properties of the Consumption Set, X 偏好關(guān)系 A preference relation typically specifies the limits, if any, on the consumer’ s ability to perceive in situations involving choice, the form of consistence or inconsistency in the consumer’ s choice, and the information about the consumer’ s taste for the different objects of choice. 行為假設(shè) The consumer seeks to identify and select an available alternative that is most preferred in the light of his personal taste. Preference Relations 1. Comparing two different consumption bundles, x and y: – strict preference: x is more preferred than is y. – weak preference: x is as at least as preferred as is y. – indifference: x is exactly as preferred as is y. 2. 嚴(yán)格偏好關(guān)系 ,弱偏好關(guān)系，無(wú)差異關(guān)系 are all preference r
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