第3章-消費者理論(已修改)
2025-03-05 00:02 本頁面
【正文】 主講教師：周飛躍 講師 微觀經(jīng)濟分析 Intermediate Microeconomics 產(chǎn)品市場： ?企業(yè)出售 ?家庭購買 企業(yè) ?生產(chǎn)出售物品與勞務(wù) ?雇傭并使用生產(chǎn)要素 家庭 ?購買并消費物品與勞務(wù) ?擁有并出售生產(chǎn)要素 生產(chǎn)要素市場： ?家庭出售 ?企業(yè)購買 ?生產(chǎn)什么 ?怎樣生產(chǎn) ?為誰生產(chǎn) 收益 支出 物品與勞務(wù)出售 物品與勞務(wù)購買 生產(chǎn)投入 勞動、土地和資本 生產(chǎn)投入 工資、租金與利潤 收入 物品與勞務(wù)的流向 貨幣的流向 微觀經(jīng)濟學的兩個主要原則 ?最大化：效用最大化 、 利潤最大化 ?均衡： 經(jīng)濟學的局限性： Ch 3: 消費者理論 北京信息科技大學工商分院 微觀經(jīng)濟分析 Intermediate Microeconomics by Zhou Fei Yue ? 在任何有關(guān)消費者選擇的模型里，存在四大構(gòu)造區(qū)域 – 消費集 X ：代表一切備擇物或整個消費計劃的集合。 假設(shè) 消費集 X的性質(zhì)（消費集的最低條件）是： Xx, ), ,(x 1 ???? ?nin RxxxXXXRXn????.3.2.1是凸的是閉的?第一節(jié) Preference – 可行集 B：代表一切的可選擇的消費計劃 ——是現(xiàn)實中在給定的環(huán)境里消費者可獲得的消費備選物。則 – 偏好關(guān)系：對消費者感知選擇環(huán)境的能力，以及消費者對不同選擇對象的好惡信息等限制。 – 行為假設(shè)：消費者用于作出最終選擇并確認選擇中的最終目標的指導(dǎo)原理 ——消費者尋求認定與選擇一個可以獲得的備擇物，后者依照其個人的喜好確定，屬于最受偏愛的選擇。 XB ?Rationality in Economics ? Behavioral Postulate: A decision maker always chooses its most preferred alternative from its set of available alternatives. ? So to model choice we must define ? Preferences over alternatives ? Available alternatives Notations ? 消費束 為 一組商品 : x={x1, …, x n} ? Vector of prices: p={p1, …, p n}, where each price is nonnegative (pi ?0, for all i) ? y is the lump sum money ine Properties of the Consumption Set, X 消費集 Consumption set, X, represent the set of all alternatives, or plete consumption plans, that the consumer can conceive—whether some of them will be achievable in practice or not. Sometimes, consumption set is also called choice set. 消費束 Let x=(x1, x2,…x n) be a vector containing different quantities of each of the n modities, x is called a consumption bundle or consumption plan. Properties of the Consumption Set, X Assumption : 消費集的最低條件 1. ??X?Rn+ 2. X is closed 3. X is convex. 4. 0 ?X. Properties of the Consumption Set, X 可行集 All those consumption plans that are both conceivable and more important, realistically obtainable given the consumer circumstances. Feasible set is that subset of the consumption set that remains after we have accounted for any constraints on the consumer’ s access to modities due to the practical, institutional, or economic realities of the world. Properties of the Consumption Set, X 偏好關(guān)系 A preference relation typically specifies the limits, if any, on the consumer’ s ability to perceive in situations involving choice, the form of consistence or inconsistency in the consumer’ s choice, and the information about the consumer’ s taste for the different objects of choice. 行為假設(shè) The consumer seeks to identify and select an available alternative that is most preferred in the light of his personal taste. Preference Relations 1. Comparing two different consumption bundles, x and y: – strict preference: x is more preferred than is y. – weak preference: x is as at least as preferred as is y. – indifference: x is exactly as preferred as is y. 2. 嚴格偏好關(guān)系 ,弱偏好關(guān)系，無差異關(guān)系 are all preference r
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