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競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性市場(chǎng)與一般均衡概述(已修改)

2025-02-26 07:08 本頁(yè)面
 

【正文】 微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) (平狄克,魯賓費(fèi)爾德,第四版 ) LECTURE 5 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性市場(chǎng)與一般均衡 1 一、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性市場(chǎng) 2 完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng) ? 完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)的條件: ? 價(jià)格接受者: ? 單個(gè)廠商產(chǎn)出占市場(chǎng)總供給的很小份額,因此無(wú)法影響市場(chǎng)價(jià)格; ? 單個(gè)消費(fèi)者購(gòu)買的產(chǎn)品占市場(chǎng)需求的很小份額,因此無(wú)法影響市場(chǎng)價(jià)格。 ? 產(chǎn)品同質(zhì)性: ? 所有廠商的產(chǎn)品是完全可替代的。 ? 自由進(jìn)出入: ? 買方可無(wú)成本地從一個(gè)廠商轉(zhuǎn)向另一個(gè)廠商; ? 廠商可無(wú)成本進(jìn)入退出某個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)。 3 財(cái)富效應(yīng) ? 消費(fèi)者剩余和廠商剩余 : ? 在一個(gè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性市場(chǎng)中的各自份額 , PP5; ? 政府政策的財(cái)富效應(yīng): ? 因政府干預(yù)市場(chǎng)而導(dǎo)致的收益或損失,通過(guò)消費(fèi)者剩余和廠商剩余的增減得到衡量。 ? 政府制定價(jià)格高限,產(chǎn)生無(wú)謂損失 。 PP6 ? 當(dāng)消費(fèi)者的需求具有足夠低的彈性時(shí),政府限價(jià)在降低廠商剩余的同時(shí),還可能給消費(fèi)者帶來(lái)消費(fèi)者剩余的絕對(duì)下降 。 PP7 ? 政府制定價(jià)格低限,同樣產(chǎn)生無(wú)謂損失。 PP8 4 Producer Surplus Between 0 and Q0 producers receive a gain from selling each product producer surplus. Consumer Surplus Consumer and Producer Surplus Quantity 0 Price S D 5 Q0 Consumer C 10 7 Consumer B Consumer A Between 0 and Q0 consumers A and B receive a gain from buying the product consumer surplus 5 The loss to producers is the sum of rectangle A and triangle C. Triangle B and C together measure the deadweight loss. B A C The gain to consumers is the difference between the rectangle A and the triangle B. Deadweight Loss Change in Consumer and Producer Surplus from Price Controls Quantity Price S D P0 Q0 Pmax Q1 Q2 Suppose the government imposes a price ceiling Pmax which is below the marketclearing price P0. 6 B A Pmax C Q1 If demand is sufficiently inelastic, triangle B can be larger than rectangle A and the consumer suffers a loss from price controls. Example Oil price controls and gasoline shortages in 1979 S D Effect of Price Controls When Demand Is Inelastic Quantity Price P0 Q2 7 P2 Q3 A B C Q2 What would the deadweight loss be if QS = Q2? When price is regulated to be no lower than P2 only Q3 will be demanded. The deadweight loss is given by triangles B and C Welfare Loss When Price Is Held Above MarketClearing Level Quantity Price S D P0 Q0 8 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性市場(chǎng)的效率 ? 市場(chǎng)失靈: ? 外部性: ? 市場(chǎng)價(jià)格無(wú)法反映的成本收益內(nèi)容; ? 信息缺失: ? 不完美信息導(dǎo)致消費(fèi)者無(wú)法做出效用最大化決策。 ? 在這種情況下政府干預(yù)市場(chǎng)將有可能增進(jìn)效率;相反,在市場(chǎng)并未失靈的情況下政府干預(yù)將導(dǎo)致市場(chǎng)效率降低和無(wú)謂損失。 9 B A The change in producer surplus will be A C D. Producers may be worse off. C D Price Minimum Quantity Price S D P0 Q0 Pmin Q3 Q2 If producers produce Q2, the amount Q2 Q3 will go unsold. 10 B The deadweight loss is given by triangles B and C. C A wmin L1 L2 Unemployment Firms are not allowed to pay less than wmin. This results in unemployment. S D w0 L0 The Minimum Wage L w 11 價(jià)格支持和生產(chǎn)配額 ? 價(jià)格支持: ? 政府制定高于均衡價(jià)格的支持價(jià)格,再由政府購(gòu)買過(guò)剩的供給; ? 這一政策常與減產(chǎn)或限產(chǎn)的激勵(lì)政策相結(jié)合。 ? 政府成本: Ps(Q2Q1) ? 無(wú)謂損失:消費(fèi)者剩余 +廠商剩余 政府成本=D(Q2Q1)ps 12 B D A To maintain a price Ps the government buys quantity Qg . The change in consumer surplus = A B, and the change in producer surplus is A + B + D D + Qg Qg Price Supports Quantity Price S D P0 Q0 Ps Q2 Q1 13 D + Qg Qg B A Price Supports Quantity Price S D P0 Q0 Ps Q2 Q1 The cost to the government is the speckled rectangle Ps(Q2Q1) D Total Welfare Loss Total welfare loss D(Q2Q1)ps 14 價(jià)格支持和生產(chǎn)配額 ? 生產(chǎn)配額 : ? 通過(guò)限制供給來(lái)提高商品價(jià)格。 ? 對(duì)農(nóng)民而言,價(jià)格支持和生產(chǎn)配額無(wú)差別,都使他們獲得 A+B+D的額外廠商剩余; ? 但對(duì)政府而言,兩種政策就是有差別的,哪一種政策代價(jià)更大,應(yīng)比較 B+C+D( 配額)和Ps(Q2Q1)( 價(jià)格支持)的大小。 15 B A C D Supply Restrictions Quantity Price D P0 Q0 S PS S’ Q1 ?Ps is maintained with and incentive ?Cost to government = B + C + D 16 Supply Restrictions B A Quantity Price D P0 Q0 PS S S’ D C ? = A C + B + C + D = A + B + D. ? The change in consumer and producer surplus is the same as with price supports. ? = A B + A + B + D B C D = B C. PS? w elf are?17 進(jìn)口限額和關(guān)稅 ? 目的: ? 使進(jìn)口商品國(guó)內(nèi)價(jià)格高于國(guó)際價(jià)格,從而達(dá)到限制進(jìn)口的目的。 ? 進(jìn)口配額或關(guān)稅帶來(lái)的福利損失: ? 國(guó)內(nèi)廠商價(jià)格上漲,廠商剩余增加 A; ? 消費(fèi)者剩余損失由兩部分構(gòu)成,因國(guó)內(nèi)商品價(jià)格上升而導(dǎo)致的損失和因進(jìn)口商品價(jià)格上升而導(dǎo)致的損失: A+B+C+D 18 QS QD PW Imports A B C By eliminating imports, the price is increased to PO. The gain is area A. The loss to consumers A + B + C, so the deadweight loss is B + C. Import Tariff or Quota That Eliminates Imports Quantity Price How high would a tariff have to be to get the same result? D P0 Q0
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