【正文】 The History and Development of Cyberics The History and Development of Cyberics 事理學的歷史與發(fā)展 Presented by The Gee Washington University in Cooperation with The American Society for Cyberics The History and Development of Cyberics The History and Development of Cyberics 事理學的歷史與發(fā)展 History of Cyberics Many years ago . . . 很久以前 … The things a person had to understand to get through life were relatively unplicated. 一個人要從生活中理解的事情相對來說還不是很復雜。 Relative Complication Every object or process, which we shall refer to as a system, was relatively simple. 每一個物體或者過程，如果我們可稱之為一個系統(tǒng)，都還相對簡單。 Objects Processes In fact, up until the last few hundred years, it was possible for some people to master a significant portion of man39。s existing knowledge. 事實上，一直到最近的幾百年前，對于某些人而言，他們一個人就有可能掌握人類現存知識體系中相當重要的一部分。 Knowledge Mastery Leonardo DaVinci Leonardo Da Vinci was a leader in the fields of painting . . 達芬奇是繪畫領域的領軍人物 …. Da Vinci – Painting . . . sculpture . . . … 但同時也是雕塑領域的 … Da Vinci, cont. – Sculpture . . . anatomy . . . … 也是解剖學專家 … Da Vinci, cont. – Anatomy . . . architecture . . . … 建筑學專家 … Da Vinci, cont. – Architecture . . . weapons engineering, and . . . … 武器制造工程師 … 而且還是 … Da Vinci, cont. – Weapons Engineering . . . aeronautical engineering. This is his sketch for a 16th century flying machine . . . … 航空工程師。這是他畫的 16世紀的飛行器的草圖 … Da Vinci, cont. – Aeronautical Engineering . . . and for a parachute in case the machine broke down. … 如果飛行器出了問題，這是降落傘的草圖。 Da Vinci, cont. – Aeronautical Engineering, cont. As time passed, the systems that humans were concerned with became . . . 隨著時間的推移，人類所關注的系統(tǒng)開始變得 … Complexity 復雜性 Systems Complexity . . . more and more plicated. … 越來越復雜。 Systems Complexity, cont. Transportation systems alone have bee more plex . . . 只是交通系統(tǒng)就已經變得更復雜了… Systems Complexity, cont. . . . and more plex . . . … 而且越來越復雜 … Systems Complexity, cont. . . . and more plex . . . … 越來越復雜 … Systems Complexity, cont. . . . and more plex . . . … 越來越復雜 … Systems Complexity, cont. . . . as have energy systems. … 能源系統(tǒng)也是如此。 Systems Complexity, cont. Some people have suggested that technology . . . 有些人建議技術 … Technology Advances . . . is advancing so rapidly it . . . … 發(fā)展得如此迅猛 … Technology Advances, cont. . . . is outpacing our ability to control it. … 已經超出了我們能夠控制的能力了。 Technology Advances, cont. Three Mile Island Clearly, it is no longer possible for one person to keep up with developments in all fields, let alone be a leader in many of them, as Leonardo Da Vinci was. 很顯然，像達芬奇那樣一個人能夠在許多領域發(fā)展并成為各個領域的領軍人物已經不再可能了。 Keeping up with Developments Specialization has bee a necessity. How then, do we live and work effectively in a technically advanced society? 專業(yè)化成為了一種必須。那么，我們怎么樣才能有效地生活和工作在一個技術高度發(fā)達的社會中呢？ How to Live and Work in a Technically Advanced Society? Underlying Principles Is there a way that you, the modern man or woman, can sort through the plexity, formulate a set of principles underlying all systems and thereby enhance your ability to regulate the world in which you live? 你，作為一個現代人，有可能在這些復雜性當中尋找出一系列適用于所有系統(tǒng)的原則，并由此而提高自己的能力來調節(jié)你所居住的這個世界嗎？ Cyberics = Regulation of Systems 事理學 ＝ 系統(tǒng)的調節(jié) This question was of interest to a handful of people in the 1940s who were the pioneers in a field that has bee known as Cyberics, the science of the regulation of systems. 1940年的時候，有一批人對這個問題產生了興趣，他們成了這個的領域的探索先鋒，該領域后來被稱為事理學，也就是如何調節(jié)系統(tǒng)的科學。 Cyberics = Regulation of Systems Cyberics is an interdisciplinary science that looks at any and all systems from molecules . . . 事理學是一門跨學科科學，研究的是任何一種系統(tǒng)，小到分子 … Cyberics – an Interdisciplinary Science . . . to galaxies, with special attention to machines, animals and societies. … 大到銀河系，對機器、動物和社會也有特別的關注。 What Cyberics Looks at Cyberics is derived from the Greek word for steersman or helmsman, who provides the control system for a boat or ship. Cyberics這個詞是從希臘語的舵手 steersman or helmsman來的，舵手就是在船上控制船系統(tǒng)的人。 Derivation of Cyberics This word was coined in 1948 and defined as a science by Norbert Wiener, who was born in 1894 and died in 1964. He became known as the Father of Cyberics. 這個詞在 1948年由 Norbert Wiener借用來定義了這門科學。 Wiener生于1894，死于 1964，是公認的事理學之父。 Norbet Weiner Wiener was an applied mathematician, biologist, and electrical engineer. He worked during World War II on the radarguided antiaircraft gun. Wiener本人是應用數學家、生物學家和電子工程師。在二戰(zhàn)期間，他研發(fā)了雷達控制的防空高炮。 Wiener – Radar He connected a special radar to the gun so that it was aimed automatically at the enemy aircraft. After the gun was fired, the radar quickly determined the changing location of the plane and reaimed the gun until the plane was shot down. 他在高射炮上連上了一個特殊的雷達裝置，會自動瞄準敵人的飛機。在炮彈發(fā)射后，雷達會快速確定飛機的變化位置并重新瞄準飛機，直至飛機被擊落。 Weiner – Radar, cont. The system imitated human functions and performed them more effectively. 這個系統(tǒng)模擬人的功能，并且比人更為有效。 Wiener – Radar and Human Factor Imitation Feedback 反饋 The antiaircraft gun demonstrates the cyberic principle of feedback. Feedback is information about the results of a process which is used to change the process. The radar provided information about the changes in location of the enemy airplane and this information was used to correct the aiming of the gun. 高射防空炮運用了事理學中的反饋原理。反饋是有關過程結果的信息，這個結果反過來又被用來改變過程。雷達提供了敵人飛機的方位的變化信息來調節(jié)高射炮的瞄準。 Feedback A more familiar example of the use of feedback to regulate a system is the mon thermostat for heating a room. 使用反饋來調節(jié)系統(tǒng)的一個更為普遍的例子是供暖系統(tǒng)中的溫度計。 Feedback – Thermostat Room Temperature Rises to 700 房間溫度到了華氏 70176。 If the heating system is adjusted, as is mon, to allow a maximum of 2 degrees variation, when the thermostat is set at 68 degrees t