【正文】 The History and Development of Cyberics The History and Development of Cyberics 事理學(xué)的歷史與發(fā)展 Presented by The Gee Washington University in Cooperation with The American Society for Cyberics The History and Development of Cyberics The History and Development of Cyberics 事理學(xué)的歷史與發(fā)展 History of Cyberics Many years ago . . . 很久以前 … The things a person had to understand to get through life were relatively unplicated. 一個(gè)人要從生活中理解的事情相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)還不是很復(fù)雜。 Relative Complication Every object or process, which we shall refer to as a system, was relatively simple. 每一個(gè)物體或者過(guò)程，如果我們可稱之為一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，都還相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單。 Objects Processes In fact, up until the last few hundred years, it was possible for some people to master a significant portion of man39。s existing knowledge. 事實(shí)上，一直到最近的幾百年前，對(duì)于某些人而言，他們一個(gè)人就有可能掌握人類現(xiàn)存知識(shí)體系中相當(dāng)重要的一部分。 Knowledge Mastery Leonardo DaVinci Leonardo Da Vinci was a leader in the fields of painting . . 達(dá)芬奇是繪畫領(lǐng)域的領(lǐng)軍人物 …. Da Vinci – Painting . . . sculpture . . . … 但同時(shí)也是雕塑領(lǐng)域的 … Da Vinci, cont. – Sculpture . . . anatomy . . . … 也是解剖學(xué)專家 … Da Vinci, cont. – Anatomy . . . architecture . . . … 建筑學(xué)專家 … Da Vinci, cont. – Architecture . . . weapons engineering, and . . . … 武器制造工程師 … 而且還是 … Da Vinci, cont. – Weapons Engineering . . . aeronautical engineering. This is his sketch for a 16th century flying machine . . . … 航空工程師。這是他畫的 16世紀(jì)的飛行器的草圖 … Da Vinci, cont. – Aeronautical Engineering . . . and for a parachute in case the machine broke down. … 如果飛行器出了問(wèn)題，這是降落傘的草圖。 Da Vinci, cont. – Aeronautical Engineering, cont. As time passed, the systems that humans were concerned with became . . . 隨著時(shí)間的推移，人類所關(guān)注的系統(tǒng)開(kāi)始變得 … Complexity 復(fù)雜性 Systems Complexity . . . more and more plicated. … 越來(lái)越復(fù)雜。 Systems Complexity, cont. Transportation systems alone have bee more plex . . . 只是交通系統(tǒng)就已經(jīng)變得更復(fù)雜了… Systems Complexity, cont. . . . and more plex . . . … 而且越來(lái)越復(fù)雜 … Systems Complexity, cont. . . . and more plex . . . … 越來(lái)越復(fù)雜 … Systems Complexity, cont. . . . and more plex . . . … 越來(lái)越復(fù)雜 … Systems Complexity, cont. . . . as have energy systems. … 能源系統(tǒng)也是如此。 Systems Complexity, cont. Some people have suggested that technology . . . 有些人建議技術(shù) … Technology Advances . . . is advancing so rapidly it . . . … 發(fā)展得如此迅猛 … Technology Advances, cont. . . . is outpacing our ability to control it. … 已經(jīng)超出了我們能夠控制的能力了。 Technology Advances, cont. Three Mile Island Clearly, it is no longer possible for one person to keep up with developments in all fields, let alone be a leader in many of them, as Leonardo Da Vinci was. 很顯然，像達(dá)芬奇那樣一個(gè)人能夠在許多領(lǐng)域發(fā)展并成為各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的領(lǐng)軍人物已經(jīng)不再可能了。 Keeping up with Developments Specialization has bee a necessity. How then, do we live and work effectively in a technically advanced society? 專業(yè)化成為了一種必須。那么，我們?cè)趺礃硬拍苡行У厣詈凸ぷ髟谝粋€(gè)技術(shù)高度發(fā)達(dá)的社會(huì)中呢？ How to Live and Work in a Technically Advanced Society? Underlying Principles Is there a way that you, the modern man or woman, can sort through the plexity, formulate a set of principles underlying all systems and thereby enhance your ability to regulate the world in which you live? 你，作為一個(gè)現(xiàn)代人，有可能在這些復(fù)雜性當(dāng)中尋找出一系列適用于所有系統(tǒng)的原則，并由此而提高自己的能力來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)你所居住的這個(gè)世界嗎？ Cyberics = Regulation of Systems 事理學(xué) ＝ 系統(tǒng)的調(diào)節(jié) This question was of interest to a handful of people in the 1940s who were the pioneers in a field that has bee known as Cyberics, the science of the regulation of systems. 1940年的時(shí)候，有一批人對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題產(chǎn)生了興趣，他們成了這個(gè)的領(lǐng)域的探索先鋒，該領(lǐng)域后來(lái)被稱為事理學(xué)，也就是如何調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)的科學(xué)。 Cyberics = Regulation of Systems Cyberics is an interdisciplinary science that looks at any and all systems from molecules . . . 事理學(xué)是一門跨學(xué)科科學(xué)，研究的是任何一種系統(tǒng)，小到分子 … Cyberics – an Interdisciplinary Science . . . to galaxies, with special attention to machines, animals and societies. … 大到銀河系，對(duì)機(jī)器、動(dòng)物和社會(huì)也有特別的關(guān)注。 What Cyberics Looks at Cyberics is derived from the Greek word for steersman or helmsman, who provides the control system for a boat or ship. Cyberics這個(gè)詞是從希臘語(yǔ)的舵手 steersman or helmsman來(lái)的，舵手就是在船上控制船系統(tǒng)的人。 Derivation of Cyberics This word was coined in 1948 and defined as a science by Norbert Wiener, who was born in 1894 and died in 1964. He became known as the Father of Cyberics. 這個(gè)詞在 1948年由 Norbert Wiener借用來(lái)定義了這門科學(xué)。 Wiener生于1894，死于 1964，是公認(rèn)的事理學(xué)之父。 Norbet Weiner Wiener was an applied mathematician, biologist, and electrical engineer. He worked during World War II on the radarguided antiaircraft gun. Wiener本人是應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)家、生物學(xué)家和電子工程師。在二戰(zhàn)期間，他研發(fā)了雷達(dá)控制的防空高炮。 Wiener – Radar He connected a special radar to the gun so that it was aimed automatically at the enemy aircraft. After the gun was fired, the radar quickly determined the changing location of the plane and reaimed the gun until the plane was shot down. 他在高射炮上連上了一個(gè)特殊的雷達(dá)裝置，會(huì)自動(dòng)瞄準(zhǔn)敵人的飛機(jī)。在炮彈發(fā)射后，雷達(dá)會(huì)快速確定飛機(jī)的變化位置并重新瞄準(zhǔn)飛機(jī)，直至飛機(jī)被擊落。 Weiner – Radar, cont. The system imitated human functions and performed them more effectively. 這個(gè)系統(tǒng)模擬人的功能，并且比人更為有效。 Wiener – Radar and Human Factor Imitation Feedback 反饋 The antiaircraft gun demonstrates the cyberic principle of feedback. Feedback is information about the results of a process which is used to change the process. The radar provided information about the changes in location of the enemy airplane and this information was used to correct the aiming of the gun. 高射防空炮運(yùn)用了事理學(xué)中的反饋原理。反饋是有關(guān)過(guò)程結(jié)果的信息，這個(gè)結(jié)果反過(guò)來(lái)又被用來(lái)改變過(guò)程。雷達(dá)提供了敵人飛機(jī)的方位的變化信息來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)高射炮的瞄準(zhǔn)。 Feedback A more familiar example of the use of feedback to regulate a system is the mon thermostat for heating a room. 使用反饋來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)的一個(gè)更為普遍的例子是供暖系統(tǒng)中的溫度計(jì)。 Feedback – Thermostat Room Temperature Rises to 700 房間溫度到了華氏 70176。 If the heating system is adjusted, as is mon, to allow a maximum of 2 degrees variation, when the thermostat is set at 68 degrees t