【正文】 Basis of BPR What is BPR ? What the term BPR means? ? Where it has e from? ? What distinguishes it from other management philosophies? ? Why it has captured the imagination of so many managers? 4/2/2023 2 Business Process Reengineering How the traditional anization works ? A triangle is used to represent an anization the majority of people work lower down the anization and the management hierarchy extends all the way to the pinnacle. ? The anization is made up of a number of subanization in the form of groups of specialists known as functions, each of which has its own management hierarchy. 4/2/2023 3 Business Process Reengineering Functional Hierarchy RD Management focus has traditionally been on the functional hierarchy. Production Sales 4/2/2023 4 Business Process Reengineering Functional Hierarchy ?There are many different departments and people are recruited into one functional department。 ?Each department is responsible for undertaken one part of the whole tasks。 ?This chain of linked department allows for specialization。 ?This model is so widely established that it is rarely questioned. 4/2/2023 5 Business Process Reengineering The Strengths ?fewer specialist may service the needs of a number of areas。 ?taking the latest thinking in particular areas into the anization。 ?developing careers which enhance specialist excellence in a particular field, such as Marketing, Production, IT or Human Resources。 4/2/2023 6 Business Process Reengineering The Weaknesses ?The focus of the anization can be the ‘ boss’ not the customer。 ?No one has the control over the ‘ horizontal’ process and coordination is weak。 ?No single point of contact。 ?Unproductive work exists because of functional boundaries which result in many tasks being done simply to satisfy the internal demands of the it’ s own anization. 4/2/2023 7 Business Process Reengineering Get rid of unnecessary steps ?When adopt a process approach you may find: ? Many of the steps in your work have nothing to do with delivering the required outes。 ? It is difficult to identify why some steps exist at all。 ? Often it is for no better reason than because they always have。 ? Getting rid of all these unnecessary steps means quicker customer service at considerably lower cost. ? Doing this usually cuts across the functional department. 4/2/2023 8 Business Process Reengineering Process Oriented Approach RD BPR emphasizes a “ process” view which cuts across the functional hierarchies to reach the customer. Production Sales Customer 4/2/2023 9 Business Process Reengineering What process focus means A process focus means looking at the way a customer order is fulfilled, a new product created, or a marketing plan developed, without concern for functional boundaries or specialization. 4/2/2023 10 Business Process Reengineering What is a process ?Process: A continuous and regular action or succession of actions, taking place or carried on in a definite manner, and leading to the acplishment of some result。 a continuous operation or series of operations. ? Process has an input and an output。 ? made up of a sequence of tasks through which this input passes to bee an output 4/2/2023 11 Business Process Reengineering Value Chain Model of M. Porter Company Infrastructure Human resources Technology Development Procurement Support Activities Primary Activities Inbound Logistics Operations Marketing Sales Outbound Logistics Customer Service Valueadding Activities 4/2/2023 12 Business Process Reengineering Scale and Scope of Process ?The scale of the process depends on what it is performing, which could be a very simple set of tasks or a highly plex set of interrelated activities。 ?The scope of a process is concerned with the extent to which it crosses anizational units ( functions or departments )。 ? A process with a broad scope is likely to cross a number of functions or department。 ?If the scale and scope are wide ranging, a great payoff might be expected. 4/2/2023 13 Business Process Reengineering New Product vs. New Process ?In the past century the economic winner were those who invented new products。 ?But, in the 21st century sustainable petitive advantage will e more out of new process technologies and much less out of new products technologies。 ?What used to be primary (inventing new products) bees secondary, and what used to be secondary (inventing and perfecting new process) bees primary 4/2/2023 14 Business Process Reengineering Levels of process Strategic Processes Operational