【正文】
競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與監(jiān)管政策國際研討會(huì):政策與實(shí)踐中的新課題 International Conference on Competition Regulation Policy: Emerging Themes in Policy and Practice 中國醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)改革中的監(jiān)管體系建設(shè): 基本概念與制度框架 Regulatory System Building in Restructuring China’s Medical and Health Care System: Conceptual Issues and A Institutional Framework “醫(yī)療監(jiān)管體系建設(shè)課題組 ” 高世楫 Task Team for Health Care Regulation, GAO ShiJi 2023年 2月 2526日 申明:所有觀點(diǎn)均屬課題組成員的看法,與所供職的單位無關(guān)。 Disclaimer: Views expressed here are all of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the institutions to which the authors are affiliated. 基本思路和討論范圍 Outline of Discussion ? 基本概念和分析框架: Conceptual Framework – 醫(yī)療服務(wù)復(fù)雜的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)特征 TechnoEconomic Features of Heath Care – 醫(yī)療服務(wù)供給系統(tǒng)的多樣性 Diversified Health Care Systems – 政府在醫(yī)療服務(wù)供給中的多重角色 Multiple Roles of government ? 主要結(jié)論和建議 Main Conclusion and Policy Proposal – 監(jiān)管體系建設(shè)是任何改革方案中不可或缺的組成部分 Regulatory System Building Should Be an essential Part of the reform plan – 醫(yī)療監(jiān)管體系的基本框架: A Regulatory Framework – 政府主辦模式下的監(jiān)管:從行政命令到政府內(nèi)監(jiān)管 RegulationinsideGovernment – 市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)下的監(jiān)管:多層次的監(jiān)管體系 MultipleLayered Regulatory system 醫(yī)療服務(wù)的基本結(jié)構(gòu) Structure of Health Care System 購買者 Purchasers 病人 Patients 醫(yī)療服務(wù)出資人 Funding Agencies 醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu) Medical Institutions 醫(yī)務(wù)人員 Medical Professionals 醫(yī)療服務(wù)的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)特征 TechnoEconomic Characteristics of Health Care Services 資源永遠(yuǎn)稀缺;買方 /賣方壟斷 。需求和供給方面的不確定性;信息不對(duì)稱;第三方付費(fèi)的道德風(fēng)險(xiǎn);專業(yè)的準(zhǔn)入壁壘;社會(huì)公正和道德良知;需求的多樣性;個(gè)人隱私。 Scarcity, monopoly。 uncertainty。 information asymmetry。 moral hazard。 professional qualification and entry barrier。 social justice and moral concerns。 diversified demand。 protection of privacy 從經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)上的分類( Arrow,1963) Economic Classification ☆ 信息不完全或不對(duì)稱問題; Asymmetrical Information ☆ 不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)或自然壟斷問題; Inplete Market ☆ 外部性問題; Externality ☆ 公平性問題。 Equality (世界銀行的“ 3+1” 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)) 政府干預(yù)的合理性:政府干預(yù)矯正市場(chǎng)失靈 Rationale for Government Intervention: Correcting Market Failure 對(duì)稀缺資源的配置 Allocating Scarce Resources: Two Fundamentally Different Ways ☆ 計(jì)劃:政府供給 Government Supply and Rationing ☆ 市場(chǎng):通過競(jìng)爭(zhēng)形成價(jià)格 Market: Bidding for Service 從直接出資的角度可以將醫(yī)療服務(wù)的供給分為: Classified by Funding ☆ 全民免費(fèi)醫(yī)療:政府直接供給(英國),以公平的方式 . Free services for all (UK model) ☆ 個(gè)人付費(fèi):通過市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng) Fee based model: 在現(xiàn)實(shí)中,如何醫(yī)療體系都是計(jì)劃與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)機(jī)制的結(jié)合。由于醫(yī)療服務(wù)在“面向大眾、在提供過程存在著潛在的嚴(yán)重 市場(chǎng)失靈 (被寬泛地解釋為公平與效率原因) , 所以屬于公共服務(wù)( public services) 范疇 ,政府可以以直接提供服務(wù)、出資購買服務(wù)和對(duì)醫(yī)療服務(wù)進(jìn)行監(jiān)管三種方式介入醫(yī)療服務(wù)。 ( Grout和Stevens, 2023)。 In reality, all health care systems are of mixed type with government interventions. Government are involved simultaneously in directly supplying services, buying services by provide funds and regulating service provision. 政府干預(yù)的三種主要方式 Three Ways that Governments Can Intervene 直接提供 Supplying 付費(fèi) Buying 監(jiān)管 regulation 三種干預(yù)方式之間存在相互影響關(guān)系 Interactions 市場(chǎng)失靈 ?? 政府失靈 market failure government failure 但根據(jù)醫(yī)療服務(wù)提供方的單位治理結(jié)構(gòu)、服務(wù)購買方的組織方式可以分為多種醫(yī)療服務(wù)的組織方式。 There are diversified health care systems in the world that are defined by the differences in the governance structure of the health care institutions and structure of funding/purchasing anizations. 不同國家由于歷史和文化上的差異,醫(yī)療服務(wù)的供給采取