【正文】 Symposium on Environmental Changes and Efficient Use of Agricultural Resources, (Oct. 21~22, 2023, Shijiazhuang, China)Agricultural water saving studies for a sustainable water management in the North China Plain (NCP)Changming LiuAgricultural Resources Research Center, CASKey Lab, IGSNRR, CAS, Water Science College BNU Outline p Major features of NCP’s water resourcesp Main Water issues: rapid socialeconomic development and climate changep Agricultural watersaving: the highlightsp Discussions of some ideas of watersavingp Agricultural watersaving: Policy Countermeasuresp MajorfeaturesofNCP’swaterresourcesAnnual precipitation in mmAverage annual precipitation from 1951 to 2023 The NCP: in the semiarid semihumid region. Annual precipitation around 350 and 800 mm The monsoon season (June to September) contributes more than 80% of annual rainfall MajorfeaturesofNCP’swaterresourcesPotential evapotrnspiration in mmAnnual Potential evapotrnspiration in the NCP is high varies between 796 and 1257 mm resulting in much water loss Average annual Potential evapotrnspiration from 1951 to 2023 p Major features of NCP’s water resourcesAridity indexThearidityindexvariesfromto..It’sin the climate transition zone. pMajorfeaturesofChina’swaterresourcesAnnual evapotraspiratiom in mmAverage annual evapotrnspiration from 1951 to 2023 calculated by the Budyko hypothesis.pMajorfeaturesofChina’swaterresourcesAnnual runoff in mm Sharp decline river flows into the seaPer Capita water amount pMajor features of China’s water resources Water Consumption to avalaible water resources in % in ChinaAfter Dr Shao Yisheng， Ministry of ConstructionWater use / water availability in %pMajorfeaturesofNCP’swaterresourcesSummary ? NCP is the most water shortage area in China as per capita water 300 m3 only.? Total water withdrawal: 37 km3 / a(2023) exceeding available water? Overdrawing groundwater has resulted in aquifer water depletion as a water crisis ? Agricultural water use about km3 / a(2023), making up about % of total withdrawal ? Watersaving is very crucial Attribution: Water stress from rapid development: Current GDP growth is speeding up incuding NCP regionpMain Water issues: Rapid development Water stress from increased water demand: increased water consumption per capita.pMain Water issues: Rapid development PopulationdensityofChina(Xuetal.)The NCP has a population of about billion, accounting for 12% of China’s total population.The daily water consumption per capita has been increasing from less than m3 in 1959, to more than m3 in 1995, and to more than m3 in 2023 Attribution: Water stress from increased water demand. Irrigation demand approached a limit.pMain Water issues: Rapid development Irrigated area in NCP from 1949 to 2023Attribution: Climate change impact as warming uppMain Water issues: Climate change l Temperatureincrease:℃ forlast50yearsinChinaasanaveragel Temperature in theNCPincrease about℃ from 1960 to 2023.Increase in temperature from 1951 to 1999 (Wang et al.) TemperatureinnorthernChinaincreasedmoreseriousthanthatinsouthernChinaAttribution: impact of precipitation declinepMain Water issues: Climate change Observedchangeinannualprecipitationfrom1960to2023by753nationalstationsAnnual precipitation anomalies in the NCP from 1955