美國(guó)文學(xué)-超驗(yàn)主義(已修改)
2025-08-17 15:51 本頁(yè)面
【正文】 New England Transcendentalism Important terms (1) ? Transcendentalism : Transcendentalism is philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to1860. It originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reacting against the orthodoxy(正統(tǒng)的 )of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church(唯一神論教派 ), developing instead their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world. Important terms (1) ? Transcendentalism derived some of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy, and from such English authors as Coleridge, and Wordsworth. Its mystical aspects were partly influenced by Indian and Chinese religious teachings. Important terms (1) ? Although transcendentalism was never a rigorously systematic philosophy, it had some basic tes that were generally shared by its adherents. The beliefs that God is immanent in each person and in nature(每人都有內(nèi)在的神性 ) and that individual intuition is the highest source of knowledge led to an optimistic emphasis on individualism, selfreliance, and rejection of traditional authority. Important terms (1) ? The ideas of transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in such essays as Nature (1836), and Self Reliance and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden. Important terms (2) ? Individualism: Individualism is a moral, political, and social philosophy, which emphasizes individual liberty, the primary importance of the individual, and the “virtues of selfreliance”. It assumes that a person can be socially and culturally free of upbringing. Important terms (2) ? Individualism claims the ability to oppose “authority”, and to all manner of controls over the individual (反對(duì)一切壓抑個(gè)人的支配行為 ), especially when exercised by the political state or “society”. It is thus directly opposed to collectivism (集體主義 ), social psychology and sociology, which consider the individual?s rapport to the society or munity. Important terms (3) ? American Renaissance : The name is given to a flourishing of distinctively American literature in the period before the Civil War. This renaissance is
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