【正文】 美國文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí)1（colonialism)第一部分 殖民主義時期的文學(xué)一、時期綜述清教徒采用的文學(xué)體裁：a、narratives 日記 b、journals 游記清教徒在美國的寫作內(nèi)容：1）their voyage to the new land2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops3) About dealing with Indians4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit清教徒的思想：1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 凈化信仰和行為方式2) Wishto restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供簡單服務(wù)，建立神圣地位來源：() 美國文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí)1（colonialism)_苗苗_新浪博客 3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God39。s will and is not to be accepted. 認(rèn)為自己是上帝選民，對他們的生活有異議就是反對上帝4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反對對快樂和藝術(shù)的追求到了十分荒唐的地步 5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful ，忽視上帝仁慈的一面。典型的清教徒： John Cotton amp。 Roger William他們的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy。 William begins the history of religious toleration in America.William的宗教觀點(diǎn)：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行為上的德，信仰上的誠，并沒有給任何人強(qiáng)迫別人該如何行事的權(quán)利。沒有任何政治秩序和教會體制能夠直接體現(xiàn)神本身的意旨。英國最早移民到美國的詩人：Anne Bradstreet在殖民時期最好的清教徒詩人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor.學(xué)習(xí)指南：Could you give a description of American Puritans? 關(guān)于美國清教徒的描繪 Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the purity of the firstcentury church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God39。s chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven.Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing.The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet amp。 Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans,French, Spaniards Italian, and Portuguese.美國文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí)2（reasonandrevolution)(20090117 15:54:25) 一、美國的性質(zhì)：The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic the United States of America. 聯(lián)邦的資產(chǎn)階級民主共和國美利堅(jiān)合眾國。二、代表作家：Benjamin Franklin 本杰明富蘭克林 170617901）Poor Richard39。s Almanac 窮人查理德的年鑒 annual collection of proverbs 流行諺語集It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin39。s shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation2) Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas. 建立了一個秘密俱樂部，討論的主題是政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和科學(xué)等時事方面的問題3）established America39。s first circulating library, founded the collegeUniversity of Pennsylvania. 建立了美國第一個可租借的圖書館，還創(chuàng)辦了一所大學(xué)——就是現(xiàn)在的賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)。4）first applied the terms positive and negative to electrical charges.5)As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in association with England. He conducted the difficulty negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war. 作為殖民地的代表，他不斷建議英國改變政策，使美國可以和英國一起發(fā)展、繁榮。他說服法國支持美國的獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭。6）As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, ，表達(dá)簡潔明了，幽默，諷刺天才、7）The Way to Wealth 致富之道 The Autobiography自傳 18世紀(jì)美國唯一流傳至今的自傳Thomas Paine 托馬斯佩因17371809 Great Common of Mankind 最平凡的人1）famous pamphlet Common Sense 著名的政治小冊子《常識》 it boldly advocated a Declaration for Independence, and brought the separatist agitation to a crisis. 擁護(hù)獨(dú)立宣言，是分裂活動發(fā)展成最后危機(jī)。2）American Crisis 《美國危機(jī)》，signed Common Sense (p31,第一段）The Case of the Officers of Excise稅務(wù)員問題；Common Sense常識；American Crisis美國危機(jī)；Rights of Man人的權(quán)利：Downfall of Despotism專制體制的崩潰；The Age of Reason理性時代Thomas Jefferson 托馬斯杰弗遜1）drafted the Declaration of Independence. 起草了獨(dú)立宣言2）與清教徒不同，主張追求幸福。All Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of happiness. 人人生而平等，他們都從“造物主”那邊被賦予了某些不可轉(zhuǎn)讓的權(quán)利，其中包括生命權(quán)、自由權(quán)和追求幸福的權(quán)利。Philip Freneau 菲利普費(fèi)瑞諾 poet and political journalist 詩人和政治方面的新聞記者1）perhaps the most outstanding writer of the postrevolutionary period.2)has been called the Father of American Poetry 美國詩歌之父The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英國囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans紀(jì)念美國勇士同類詩中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金銀花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殯葬地學(xué)習(xí)指南：Theology dominated the Puritan phase of American writing. Politics was the next great suject to mand the attention of the best minds.Freneau was neoclassical by training and taste ye romantic in essential spirit.美國文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí)3（Romanicism)(20090117 18:58:09) 一、文學(xué)特征：Environment:1)shaped by their New World environment 美洲大陸新環(huán)境2）array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditons of Europe 歐洲早期浪漫主義思潮美國文學(xué)特點(diǎn)：pluralistic多元化 manifestations varied 表現(xiàn)形式多樣 Individualistic個人主義 conflicting 矛盾Romanticism的特點(diǎn)：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiam, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that he natural world was a source of ，都注重道德，強(qiáng)調(diào)個人主義價值觀和直覺感受，并且認(rèn)為自然是美的源頭，人類社會是腐敗之源。Transcendentalism 超驗(yàn)主義1）as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and ，不講系統(tǒng)，只強(qiáng)調(diào)超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束縛的個人表達(dá)。2)they spoke for cultural rejuvenation and agai