【正文】 主動形式表被動意義 一、介詞形式，被動意義 This new railway is still under construction . 介詞 under構成的短語，如果它的賓語是表示動作的名詞，通常含有被動意義，意為“在 …… 過程中”。它可改換為被動語態(tài)。但介詞結構使句子言簡意賅，避免過多地使用被動語態(tài)。這種介詞短語在句中常作表語，也可作補足語或定語。例如： Your suggestion is still under discussion . He is said to be under arrest for stealing . The house under repair is our classroom building . ? 常見的這類 under短語還有： ? under attack在進攻中， under arrest在關押中，under consideration在考慮中， under construction在建設中， under contact在聯(lián)系中， under discussion在討論中， under examination在審查中， under investigation在調查中， under repair在修理中，under review在審議中 under treatment在醫(yī)治中，under trial在受審中 ? 還有一些介詞，如 in , on , for , above , beyond , past , out of , within等，也可以構成表示動作的介詞短語。如： ? The writer has finished writing his novel but it is not yet in print . (= …being printed) ? Grapes from XinJiang are on sale . ? His virtue is above all praise . (=…can’t be praised pletely) ? The fellow’s insolence傲慢 is beyond endurance . (=…can’t be endured) ? His car was out of control . (=…could not be controlled) ? The pain was almost past bearing . (=…couldn’t be borne) ? The city is already within sight . (=…can be seen already) 二、主動形式被動意義 初學被動語態(tài)不少同學常將應該用主動形式的句子錯用為被動形式。請看如下句子和兩道高考題： ? 1. Those programmes are usually easy to receive and not difficult to understand . ? 2. They were still difficult to read and were very heavy to carry . ? 3. The sick woman needs ___ ( MET88 – 2 ) ? A . Looking after B . to be looking after ? C . to look after D . being looked after ? 4. We think the film is ___ ( MET85 – 1 ) ? A . worth to see B . worthy of seeing ? C . worth seeing D . worthy to see ? (一 ) 不定式主動形式表被動意義 ? 1 . 當不定式用在作 表語的形容詞 后，在句中作狀語，而句中的 主語又是不定式的邏輯賓語 時，通常用不定式主動形式表示被動意義。如上述句 1句 2。能帶主動語態(tài)的不定式而表達被動意義的形容詞常見的有： easy、 difficult、 heavy、 hard、nice、 bitter、 dangerous、 light、 fit、 interesting、 important、 expensive、fortable、 pleasant、 impossible 等。其句型為 S + link v + adj . + infinitive ( 主動語態(tài) ) ，類似這種貌似主動實為被動的系表結構的又如以下例句。 ? Habits are easy to make but hard to break .( Habits是 to make、 to break的邏輯賓語 ) 。 ? The water is fit to drink . ? The picture is pleasant to look at . 2 . 當不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是動詞的賓語，而句子的主語也是不定式的邏輯主語時。例如： Mathilde only has a small cold room to live in . ( Mathilde是 to live in的邏輯主語 ) He bought some magazines to read . ( He是 to read的邏輯主語 ) 3 . 當不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞，是及物動詞的直接賓語，而間接賓語是不定式的邏輯主語時。 例如： Mother always gives her little daughter some picture books to read . ( Her little daughter是 to read的邏輯主語 ) The teacher gave the students some paper to write on . ( The students是 to write on的邏輯主語 ) ? 4 . 當不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞，是“ there be…. ” 結構句中的主語時 ( 此處用主動或被動式，一般說來無意義上的不同 ) 。例如： ? There are many problems to work out . ( to be worked out ) (二 ) 在動詞 want、 need、 require等后面常用動名詞表示被動含義，等于不定式的被動形式。再如： The bike needs ( wants ) repairing ( = to be repaired ) . 自行車需要修理了。 (三 ) worth后跟動名詞主動形式表示被動，但是不跟不定式的被動。再如： This novel is well worth reading。這本小說很值得閱讀。 (四 ) 有些動詞不及物動詞，只有主動形式，常視為主動表被動。如： 1 . take place、 happen、 break out等。 A big fire happened / took place / broke out last night . 2 . 感官動詞 ( taste 。 feel 。 smell 。 sound 。 look ) 用主動形式表示被意思。請看： How sweet the music sounds ! Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth . 3 . write、 read、 sell、 keep、 prove、 weigh、 number、 drink、wear、 pay、 wash、 open常用主動形式表被動意義 .請看下面句子： The book sells well . The door will not open . This dress washes better . The sign reads as follows . 狀語從句 1。時間狀語從句 引導詞： when, while, as 。before, after, till/until, since。 once, as soon as。 by the time。 no sooner than, hardly…when…,scarcely…when…。 each/every time。 whenever/no matter when. 1. 幾個較陌生的狀語從句的用法： before: It is/was (not) +時 +before+從句 . “… 久以后才，沒過多久就 … It was long/one year before she came. It was not long before I fot it all. It will be 4 years before he graduates. 讓步狀語從句 As,though,although。 even if, even though。 no matter what,whatever…. 1. as,though引導的從句的倒裝： Young as he is, he knows a lot. Boy as he is, he knows a lot. Much as I like it, I can’t but take it. Fast as you run,you can’t catch up with him. Try as he does, she will never find it. Search as they would,they could find no sign of the boy. 1。 a./n.+as +主 +be, 2。 Adv.+as+主 +v. 3。實動 +as+主 +助動 Even if, even though有時用虛擬語氣 ? Even if I were busy, I would go.(事實上不忙 ) ? Even if I am busy, I will go.(事實上忙 ) Even if ,even though從句的虛擬語氣用過去完成時，一般過去時表過去，現(xiàn)在，將來。 No matter wh只引導狀語從句 Whever可引導狀語從句，亦可引導名詞性從句。 比較狀語從句 ? 1。 No more than只不過（嫌少） ? not more than不多于（客觀說明） I’veno more than 100 yuan on me.(僅僅 ) I’ve not more than 100 yuan on me.（不多于） The book is no more interesting than that one.（一樣都不） The whale is not more a fish than a horse 魚，正如馬不是魚一樣。 表倍數(shù)的句型 ? 1 數(shù)詞 +times/half/quarter等 +as…as: ? The book is half as thick as that one. 2 …times/half…+ 名 /代 +of +B: The age of my grandpa is 3 times the age/that of mine. 3 …times/half + 比較級 +than…. The hole is 3 times deeper than that one. The hole is 4 times as deep as that one. The hole is 4 times the depth of that one. 冠詞 ? 冠詞的本質在于：說話人認為聽話者對某事物是否確知。強調聽話人所取的態(tài)度。 ? I met an old man on my way here. ? The book I lost was found under the desk. 1. 不定冠詞的位置： a/an一般放在名詞短語的最前端，但有例外： 1）。名詞短語中有 so,as,how,too+形容詞：冠詞在此結構之后： I’ve never seen so clever a child. It was as pleasant a day as I’ve ever spent. She is too kind a girl to refuse. It was how serious a problem to refuse. ? 2)名詞短語中含有 such,what時： ~ a+形+名： I’ve had such a good day. ? What a strange London they saw. 3） quite,rather+a+形 +名： I’ve had quite a good nap/ I have rather a busy afternoon i