【正文】 American Literature Chapter one : The romantic period I. Emerson’s transcendentalism and his attitude toward nature: —it is a philosophic and literary movement that flourish in New England, as a reaction against rationalism and Calvinism. It stressed intuitive understanding of god without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind. 2. Emerson’s transcendentalism: The oversoul—it is an allpervading power goodness, from which all things e and of which all are a part. It is a supreme reality of mind, a spiritual unity of all beings and a religion. It is a munication between an individual soul and the universal oversoul. And he strongly believe in the divinity and infinity of man as an individual, so man can totally rely on himself. toward nature: Emerson loves nature. His nature is the garment of the oversoul, symbolic and moral bound. Nature is not something purely of the matter, but alive with God’s presence. It exercise a healthy and restorative influence on human beings. Children can see nature better than adult. II. Hawthorne’s Puritanism and his black vision of man: 1. Puritanism—it is the religious belief of the Puristans, who had intended to purify and simplify the religious ritual of the church of England. 2. his black vision of man—by the Calvinistic concept of original sin, he believed that human being are evil natured and sinful, and this sin is ever present in human heart and will pass one generation to another. 3. Young Goodman Brown—it shows that everyone has some evil secrets. The innocent and na239。ve Brown is confronted with the vision of human evil in one terrible night, and then he bees distrustful and doubtful. Brown stands for everyone ,who is born pure and has no contact with the real world ,and the prominent people of the village and church. They cover their secrets during daily lives, and under some circumstances such as the witch’s Sabbath, they bee what they are. Even his closed wife, Faith, is no exception. So Brown is aged in that night.III. The symbolism of Melville’s MobbyDick voyage to catch the white whale is the one of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of universe. 2. To Ahab, the whale is an evil creature or the agent of an evil force that control the universe. As to readers, the whale is a symbol of physical limits, or a symbol of nature. It also can stand for the ultimate mystery of the universe and the wall behind which unknown malicious things are hiding.IV. Whitman and his Leaves of Grass : 1. Theme: sing of the “enmass” and the self / pursuit of love, happiness, and ***ual love / sometimes about politics (Drum taps) 2. Whitman’s originality first in his use of the poetic form free verse (. poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme),by means of which he bees conversational and casual. uses the first person pronoun “I” to stress individualism, and oral language to acquire sympathy from the mon reader.Chapter two : The realistic period I. The character analysis and social meaning of Huck Finn in Adventure of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain Huck is a typical American boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”. He appears to be vulgar in language and in manner, but he is honest and decent in essence. His remarkable raft’s journey down on the Mississippi river can be regarded as his process of education and his way to grow up. At first, he stands by slavery, for he clings to the idea that if he lets go the slave, he will be damned to go to hell. And when the “King” sells Jim for money, Huck decides to inform Jim’s master. After he thinks of the past good time when Jim and he are on the raft where Jim shows great care and deep affection for him, he decide to rescue Jim. And Huck still thinks he is wrong while he is doing the right thing. Huck is the son of nature and a symbol for freedom and earthly pragmatism. Through the eye of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the preCivil War American society fully exposed. Twain contrasts the life on the river and the life on the banks, the innocence and the experience, the nature and the culture, the wilderness and the civilization.II. Daisy Miller by Henry James 1. Theme: The novel is a story about American innocence defeated by the stiff, traditional values of Europe. James condemns the American failure to adopt expressive manners intelligently and point out the false believing that a good heart is readily visible to all. The death of Daisy results from the misunderstanding between people with different cultural backgrounds. 2. The character analysis of Daisy: She represents typical American girl, who is uninformed and without the mature guidance. Ignorance and parental indulgence bine to foster he assertive selfconfidence and fierce willfulness. She behaves in the same daring naive way in Europe as she does at home. When someone is against her, she bees more contrary. She knows that she means no harm and is amazed that anyone should think she does. She does not promise to the European manners. 3. The character analysis of Winterbourne: He is a Europeanized American, who has live too long in foreign parts. He is very experience and has a problem understanding Daisy. He endeavors to put her in sort of formula, . to classify her.III. Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser: 1. Theme: The author invented the success of Carrie and the downfall of Hurstwood out of an inevitable and natural judgment, because the fittest can survive in a petitive, amoral society according to the social Darwinism. 2. The character analysis of Carrie: She follows the right direction to a pursuit of the American dream, and the circumstances and her desire for a better life direct to the successful goal. But she is not contented, because with wealth and fame, she still finds herself lonely. She is a product of the society, a realization of the theory of the survival of the fittest. 3. The charac