【正文】 新編 MPA 英語 閱讀教程 Unit 1 Defining Public Administration Text A Public Administration 1. The occupational sector, enterprises, and activities having to do with the formulation and implementation of policy of governmental and other public programs and the management of anizations and activities involved. 2. The academic field concerned with the study of, improvement of, and training for the activities mentioned in 1. 公共管理是 (1)與政府和其他公共部門的政策制定和實施以及與相關(guān)組織和活動的管理有關(guān)的職業(yè)部門、企業(yè)和活動。 (2)涉及對上述活動進(jìn)行研究、改進(jìn)和培訓(xùn)的學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域。 Public administration refers to two distinguishable but closely related activities: (1) a professional practice (vocation, occupation, field of activity), and (2) an academic field as well as to train individuals for that practice. 公共管理涉及兩種明顯不同但又緊密聯(lián)系的活動： (1)職業(yè)領(lǐng)域 (職業(yè)、工 作 、活動領(lǐng)域 )，以及 (2)致力于了解、發(fā)展、批評和提高這種職業(yè)實踐和為個人提供這種職業(yè)培訓(xùn)的學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域。 The simple meaning of the term is quite direct: it refers on the one hand to the administration or management of matters which have principally to do with the society, polity, and its subparts which are not essentially private, familial, mercial, or individualistic, and on the other hand to the disciplined study of such matters. 這個術(shù)語的簡單含義是非常直接的：一方面，它指主要與社會、政治組織以及其分支有關(guān)的事務(wù)管理，而這些分支基本上不是私人、家庭、商業(yè)和個人的。另一方面，它指對這些事務(wù)的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)研究。 In this simplest meaning, public administration has to do with managing the realm of governmental and other public activities. This simple definition conveys the essence of public administration and probably covers the vast majority of activities and concerns of contemporary public administration. 就其最簡單的意義而言，公共管理涉及政府和其他公共活動的管理。這個簡單的定義表達(dá)了公共管理的本質(zhì)，也很可能包含了當(dāng)代公共管理的大部分問題和活動。 Such a simple view, though, needs modification to account for at least two important considerations: 可是如此簡單的觀點也需要加以修改才能說明至少兩個重要的問題。 First, it must be recognized that professional management of the public’s affairs involves not only management in the narrowest sense (keeping the books, handling personnel decisions, implementing decisions which have been made elsewhere in the politicosocioeconomic systems, etc.), but also significantly involves the planning, formulating, modifying, and urging of goals and purposes of much of public affairs. 首先，必須承認(rèn)公共事務(wù) 的職業(yè)化管理不僅涉及最狹義的管理 (文檔的保存、人事決定的做出以及政治經(jīng)濟(jì)社會系統(tǒng)做出的各種決策的實施），在很大程度上，它也涉及計劃、制定、修改以及促成多數(shù)公共事務(wù)目標(biāo)和目的。 Second, it must be recognized that some matters of public administration are handled in ways which are not purely private but also are not precisely government. 其次，必須承認(rèn)有些公共管理事件的處理方式既不是純粹私人化的，也不是完全政府式的。 The first consideration—that public administration is involved in the substance of policy as well as the implementation of policy decisions—is frequently alluded to with terms such as the demise of the politicsadministration dichotomy, the impossibility of valuefree public administration, and the need for proactivity by public administrators. 第一個需要考慮的問題是，公共管理涉及政策的實質(zhì)和政策決定的實施。它經(jīng)常和政治與行政 二分法的死亡、無價值公共管理的不可能性以及對公共管理者的能動性要求這樣的術(shù)語一起出現(xiàn)， 被人們談?wù)摗? These terms reflect the widespread, though not universal, belief or allegation that it is no longer, if ever it was, defensible to interpret public administration as solely involved in technically objective solutions or in the neutral implementation of decisions made by nonadministrative parts of the political system (., partisan leadership。 electoral processes。 party processes。 partisan bargaining。 and parliamentary, legislative, and judicial institutions). 這些術(shù)語反映了一種雖未普遍認(rèn)同但廣為傳播的觀點或主張，這種觀點或主張認(rèn)為把 公共管理僅看做技術(shù)上的客觀解決方案或政治系統(tǒng)非管理部門（例如，黨派領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，選舉程序，政黨 作用，黨派交涉，以及議會、立法和司法機(jī)構(gòu)）決策的中立執(zhí)行，即使過去站得住腳，現(xiàn)在也是不可能的。 This belief and related understandings have led to significant public administration attention to policy and policy process. 這種觀點和相關(guān)的理解在很大程度上把公共管理注意力引向了政策和政策程序。 Some have felt a need for a rubric which emphasizes such a policy focus and which might also enpass or indicate receptivity to areas of studies which are closely related (., planning, urban affairs, economic analysis, public policy analysis), and terms such as public affairs are sometimes used for this purpose. 有些人認(rèn)為需要一個說明，這個說明強調(diào)政治重點，也可能包含或顯示對密切相關(guān)的研究領(lǐng)域（例如計劃、城市事務(wù)、經(jīng)濟(jì)分析、公共政策分析）和術(shù)語的接受能力，像公共事務(wù)這樣的術(shù)語有時就被用于此目的。 In general, though, public administration still functions as the umbrella term throughout the world, though it must be realized that the term implies a broader range of concerns and activities than the narrow meaning of management or administration may convey. 總體來說，在世界范圍內(nèi)公共管理仍然作為一個總括的術(shù)語來使用，但是必須認(rèn)識到的是， 這個術(shù)語所包含的問題與行為比管理 或行政的簡單意思所傳達(dá)的要更加寬泛。 The second consideration—that not all public administration occurs in and through governmental anizations—also has led to a broadening of the meaning of public administration. 第二個需要考慮的問題是，并非所有的公共管理都是在政府組織中或通過政府組織發(fā)生的。這就擴(kuò)展了公共管理的含義。 At various times in the past of public administration it has seemed that its essence and activities could be identified by referring to nonmarket approaches to social purposes, but this perspective has been mitigated by the recognition that public programs and benefits could be developed through and provided with some market characteristics. 在公共管理史的不同時期，人們認(rèn)為公共管理的實質(zhì)與行為可以通過 參照服務(wù)于社會目的的非市場方法加以確認(rèn)，但是現(xiàn)在這種觀點被公共項目和利益可以通過市場方 式來得到發(fā)展并被賦予某些市場特點的認(rèn)識所弱化。 Thus there have been developments such as governmental or quasigovernmental activities which pete with private sector activities or provide benefits through use of a price mechanism。 因此，通過價格機(jī)制與私有部門行為相競爭或提供利益的政府或準(zhǔn)政府組織得以發(fā)展。 sometimes water, utilities, sewers, health care, education, and other benefits are provided in this way. 有時，水、電力、下水管道、醫(yī)療保健、教育以及其他利 益就是以這種方式提供的。 There are also devices such as public corporations, quasipublic corporations, publicprivate cooperative enterprises, and government contractual arrangements with nongovernmental anizations to provide certain benefits or perform certain functions. 另外，也有一些其他方法，例如，公益公司、準(zhǔn)公益公司、公私合營企業(yè)以及政府與非政府組織的合同 安排，可以提供某些利益或履行某些職能。 Indeed, even