微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)princ-ch023-presenta(已修改)
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【正文】 N. G R E G O R Y M A N K I W 2 E C O N O M I C SP R I N C I P L E S O F F O U R T H E D I T I O N Thinking Like An Economist 3 Interdependence and the Gains from Trade 1 CHAPTER 2 THINKING LIKE AN ECONOMIST In chapter 2, look for the answers to these questions: ? What are economists’ two roles? How do they differ? ? What are models? How do economists use them? ? What are the elements of the CircularFlow Diagram? What concepts does the diagram illustrate? ? How is the Production Possibilities Frontier related to opportunity cost? What other concepts does it illustrate? ? What is the difference between microeconomics and macroeconomics? Between positive and normative? 2 CHAPTER 3 INTERDEPENDENCE AND THE GAINS FROM TRADE In chapter 3, look for the answers to these questions: ? Why do people – and nations – choose to be economically interdependent? ? How can trade make everyone better off? ? What is absolute advantage? What is parative advantage? How are these concepts similar? How are they different? 3 CHAPTER 2 THINKING LIKE AN ECONOMIST The Economist as Scientist ? Economists play two roles: ? Scientists: try to explain the world ? Policy advisors: try to improve it ? In the first, economists employ the scientific method, the dispassionate development and testing of theories about how the world works. 4 CHAPTER 2 THINKING LIKE AN ECONOMIST Assumptions amp。 Models ? Assumptions simplify the plex world, make it easier to understand. ? Example: To study international trade, assume two countries and two goods. Unrealistic, but simple to learn and gives useful insights about the real world. ? Model: a highly simplified representation of a more plicated reality. Economists use models to study economic issues. 5 CHAPTER 2 THINKING LIKE AN ECONOMIST Some Familiar Models A road map 6 CHAPTER 2 THINKING LIKE AN ECONOMIST Some Familiar Models A model of human anatomy from high school biology class 7 CHAPTER 2 THINKING LIKE AN ECONOMIST Some Familiar Models A model airplane 8 CHAPTER 2 THINKING LIKE AN ECONOMIST Our First Model: The CircularFlow Diagram ? The CircularFlow Diagram: A visual model of the economy, shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms. ? Two types of “actors”: ? households ? firms ? Two markets: ? the market for goods and services ? the market for “factors of production” 9 CHAPTER 2 THINKING LIKE AN ECONOMIST Factors of Production ? Factors of production: the resources the economy uses to produce goods amp。 services, including ? labor ? land ? capital (buildings amp。 machines used in production) 10 CHAPTER 2 THINKING LIKE AN ECONOMIST FIGURE 1: The CircularFlow Diagram Households: ? own the factors of production, sell/rent them to firms for ine ? buy and consume goods amp。 services Households Firms 11 CHAPTER 2 THINKING LIKE AN ECONOMIST FIGURE 1: The CircularFlow Diagram Households Firms Firms: ? buy/hire factors of production, use them to produce goods and services ? sell goods amp。 services 12 CHAPTER 2 THINKING LIKE AN ECONOMIST FIGURE 1: The CircularFlow Diagram Markets for Factors of Production Households Firms Ine Wages, rent, profit Factors of production Labor, land, capital Spending G amp。 S bought G amp。 S sold Revenue Markets for Goods amp。 Services 13 CHAPTER 2 THINKING LIKE AN ECONOMIST Our Second Model: The Production Possibilities Frontier ? The Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF): A graph that shows the binations of two goods the economy can possibly produce given the available resources and the available technology. ? Example: ? Two goods: puters and wheat ? One resource: labor (measured in hours) ? Economy has 50,000 labor hours per month available for production. PPF Example ? Producing one puter requires 100 hours labor. ? Producing one ton of wheat requires 10 hours labor. 5,000 0 4,000 100 2,500 250 1,000 400 50,000 0 40,000 10,000 25,000 25,000 10,000 40,000 0 500 0 50,000 E D C B A Wheat Computers Wheat Computers Production Employment of labor hours 15 CHAPTER 2 THINKING LIKE AN ECONOMIST Point on graph Production Computers Wheat A 500 0 B 400 1,000 C 250 2,500 D 100 4,000 E 0 5,000 01 , 0 0 0
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