【正文】 Unit 1 The Evolution of Transport交通工具的演化 The evolution of transport has been closely linked to the development of humankind throughout the earth’s history．Transport’s early function was to meet the basic need of hauling food supplies and building materials．But with the formation of tribes，then peoples，and finally nations，the societal and economic functions of transport became more and more plex. At first there was mobility required for individuals，clans，households，and animals to protect them against，and to escape from，the dangers of natural disasters and tribal aggressions，and in the search for the best places to settle．As tribal groups formed and gradually established their geographical identity，transport was increasingly needed to open up regions for development，to provide access to natural resources，to promote intermunal trade，and to mobilize territorial defense．When the first nations came into being，transport played a major role in establishing national integrity．交通工具的演變緊密相連的人類在整個(gè)地球的歷史發(fā)展。運(yùn)輸署早期功能是滿足基本需要搬運(yùn)糧食供應(yīng)和建材等領(lǐng)域。但隨著部落，然后人民，和最后國(guó)家形成，運(yùn)輸?shù)纳鐣?huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)功能變得越來(lái)越復(fù)雜。在第一次有流動(dòng)性所需的個(gè)人、 宗族、 家庭和動(dòng)物保護(hù)他們免遭，和逃避危險(xiǎn)自然災(zāi)害和部落的侵略行為，并在尋找最好的地方定居。部落群體形成和逐步確立其地理特征，運(yùn)輸日益需要開(kāi)放地區(qū)的發(fā)展，以提供對(duì)天然資源，促進(jìn)族裔間的貿(mào)易，并調(diào)動(dòng)本土防衛(wèi)的訪問(wèn)。當(dāng)?shù)谝淮蔚穆?lián)合國(guó)應(yīng)運(yùn)而生時(shí)，運(yùn)輸發(fā)揮了重要的作用，建立民族氣節(jié)After basic societal needs had generally been attended to，local munities could increasingly devote their efforts to enhancing their economic，cultural，and technological development through trade links with other peoples and regions．Again，transport provided the mobility required for such intertribal, international，and finally intercontinental cultural exchange and trade．During all of this gradual development toward an organized human society，represented today through the international family of nations，transport as physical process of moving people and goods，thus promoting such development，continuously underwent technological and organizational changes．Such changes were induced by several factors and circumstances．In fact，today’s transport in its various forms and organizational arrangements remains highly subject to changes in response to societal requirements and preferences．基本社會(huì)需求大體上已照顧到后，當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)可能會(huì)越來(lái)越多地致力于加強(qiáng)貿(mào)易聯(lián)系通過(guò)與其他民族和地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)、 文化和科技發(fā)展共同。再次，運(yùn)輸提供所需的這種部落之間、 國(guó)際和洲際最后的文化交流和貿(mào)易的流動(dòng)。在所有有組織的人類社會(huì)，今天代表國(guó)際大家庭，交通工具的移動(dòng)人員和貨物，物理過(guò)程，從而促進(jìn)這種發(fā)展，通過(guò)向此逐步發(fā)展的過(guò)程中不斷發(fā)生了技術(shù)和組織的變化。這種變化是幾個(gè)因素及環(huán)境所致。事實(shí)上，今天的各種形式和組織安排運(yùn)輸仍高度受回應(yīng)社會(huì)需求和偏好的變化。Clearly，the first and foremost criterion to be satisfied by transport was efficiency．For centuries，and particularly during the takeoff stages of local economics，society required reliable，fast，and low cost transport．The search for appropriate technologies was relatively unconstrained．There were times in human history when the demand for reliable and fast transport was especially pronounced，and quick solutions were required for national selfdefense. During such periods of local and international conflict, human ingenuity devised new transport technologies which often proved to be the decisive element for survival, and sometimes victory. Subsequently refined and developed, such new technologies made it possible to better meet increasing transport demand, thus improving both economic progress and human welfare.顯然符合運(yùn)輸?shù)氖滓獪?zhǔn)則是效率。幾百年來(lái)，特別是在本地經(jīng)濟(jì)的起飛階段期間，社會(huì)需要快速、 可靠、 和低成本的運(yùn)輸。尋找合適的技術(shù)是相對(duì)無(wú)約束。倍時(shí)，在人類歷史上尤為突出的可靠、 快速的運(yùn)輸需求，并快速解決方案所需的國(guó)家自衛(wèi)。在這樣的地方和國(guó)際沖突的時(shí)期人類智慧制定新運(yùn)輸技術(shù)往往證明的生存空間，有時(shí)勝利的決定性因素。隨后改進(jìn)和發(fā)展，這種新技術(shù)使能夠更好地滿足日益增加的交通需求，從而提高經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)步和人類福祉。The need for better strategic mobility induced efforts to improve sea and land transport. This resulted in bigger and faster ships and more reliable and sturdy land vehicles. Eventually, selfpropulsion was introduced, exemplified by steamboats, the railways, and then the automobile. Research and development in the transport field finally became an organized undertaking with specific goals and objectives. As the result of the consequent concentration of talent and expertise, more and more sophisticated transport technologies evolved, such as the aircraft and, most recently, rocket propulsion.需要更好的戰(zhàn)略機(jī)動(dòng)致努力提高海洋和陸地運(yùn)輸。這導(dǎo)致更大、 更快的船舶和更可靠和堅(jiān)固的陸地車輛。最終，自航引入，蒸汽機(jī)船、 鐵路和汽車的例子。在運(yùn)輸領(lǐng)域研發(fā)終于成為組織的承諾與特定的目標(biāo)。作為隨后濃度的人才及專業(yè)知識(shí)的結(jié)果，更多先進(jìn)的傳輸技術(shù)如飛機(jī)和，最近，火箭推進(jìn)發(fā)展。The gradual evolution of increasingly sophisticated means of transport is manifested by today39。 s transport systems, which include air, surface, and water transport. Special industry needs have led to the development of transport modes that have rather limited applications, such as pipelines, cables, and belts. Within current societal needs and preferences, as well as the economic requirements of cost effectiveness, the various existing transport modes generally fulfill rather specific functions.今天的表現(xiàn)是逐漸演化的日益復(fù)雜的交通工具 39。 s 運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)，其中包括空中、 地面、 和海上運(yùn)輸。而是有限的應(yīng)用程序如管道、 電纜和帶的交通工具的發(fā)展導(dǎo)致特殊行業(yè)的需要。當(dāng)前社會(huì)的需要和喜好，以及成本效益的經(jīng)濟(jì)上的要求，在現(xiàn)有的各種運(yùn)輸模式普遍達(dá)到而是特定的功能。Although transport39。s potential to meet effectively numerous societal mobility needs improved continuously, it became evident that such effectiveness had its price. A number of transport technologies implied high energy consumption and required substantial capital inputs in production and operation. As a result, several transport modes became expensive to the user. This caused equity problems because charges required to cover operating costs were not affordable by all population groups, thus limiting their mobility and welfare. Many governments chose to subsidize transport, but quickly realized that the budget implications often caused serious distortions in their national economies.雖然運(yùn)輸?shù)臐摿σ詽M足有效眾多社會(huì)流動(dòng)性需要不斷改善，很明顯這種有效性了它的價(jià)格。運(yùn)輸技術(shù)的一些暗示能耗高，所需大量資金投入生產(chǎn)和經(jīng)營(yíng)。因此，幾個(gè)交通工具變得昂貴給用戶。這造成了股權(quán)問(wèn)題，因?yàn)闃I(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)用所需的費(fèi)用不是負(fù)擔(dān)得起的所有人口群體，從而限制了他們的流動(dòng)性和福利。許多國(guó)家的政府補(bǔ)貼交通工具，選擇了，但很快意識(shí)到，所涉預(yù)算問(wèn)題經(jīng)常在自己國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)造成嚴(yán)重扭曲。Pollution caused by various transport modes gradually became another serious problem as world transport in most countries and the need to cope with rising volumes of modity flows and person travel. In several regions of the world having high population and industry concentrations, such detrimental impacts on the environment have reached high levels. These effects of such dam