【正文】 中醫(yī)英語(yǔ)常用語(yǔ)（一）中醫(yī)方劑名稱(chēng)的翻譯方法從目前的翻譯實(shí)踐來(lái)看，方劑名稱(chēng)均可以音譯。如“麻黃湯”可譯為Mahuang Decoction，“桂枝湯”可譯為Guizhi Decoction。也有的將劑型也予以音譯。但也有不少人采用直譯或意譯的方式翻譯方劑名稱(chēng)。但在具體翻譯時(shí)有的采用英語(yǔ)翻譯方劑名稱(chēng)中的中藥名（如將“桂枝湯”譯為Cinnamon Twig Decoction），有的則采用拉丁語(yǔ)翻譯（如將“桂枝湯”譯為Ramulus Cinnamoni Decoction）。有關(guān)中藥名稱(chēng)的翻譯問(wèn)題，請(qǐng)參見(jiàn)第二十課的有關(guān)內(nèi)容。就直譯和意譯而言，方劑名稱(chēng)的翻譯可以有如下一些方式：１．以方中君藥命名的方劑譯式為：主藥名＋劑型名，如“麻黃湯”可譯為Herba Ephedrae Decoction或Ephedra Decoction。２．以主治病證命名的方劑譯式為：病證名＋劑型名，如“疝氣湯”可譯為Hernia Decoction。３．以動(dòng)物命名的方劑譯式為：動(dòng)物名＋劑型名，如“白虎湯”可譯為White Tiger Decoction，“青龍湯”可譯為Blue Dragon Decoction。４．以借喻法命名的方劑譯式為：借喻物＋劑型名，如“碧玉散”可譯為Jasper Powder，“玉女煎”可譯為Jade Maiden Decoction。５．以功效命名的方劑譯式為：功效＋劑型名，如“溫脾湯”可譯為SpleenWarming Decoction或Decoction for Warming the Spleen。６．以服藥時(shí)間命名的方劑譯式為：時(shí)間＋劑型名，如“雞鳴散”可譯為RoosterCrowing Powder，“雞蘇散”可譯為RoosterWaking Powder。７．以主藥加功效命名的方劑譯式為：主藥＋劑型名＋for＋功效，如“朱砂安神丸”可譯為Cinnabaris （或Cinnabar）Decoction for Tranquilizing the Mind，“黃連解毒湯”可譯為Rhizoma Coptidis （或Coptis）Decoctioin for Relieving Toxin。8．以顏色命名的方劑譯式為：顏色+劑型名，如“桃花湯”可譯為Peach Blossom Decoction，“紫雪丹”可譯為PurpleSnow Bolus。9．以加減方式命名的方劑譯式為：君藥+劑型名+plus（加）或minus（減）+加上或減去的藥物名稱(chēng)，如“桂枝加（減）芍藥湯”可譯為Ramulus Cinnamoni （或Cinnamon Twig）Decoction Plus Radix Paeoniae（或Peony）。10．以方中所含諸藥數(shù)加功效命名的方劑譯式為：所含諸藥數(shù)+劑型名+for+功效，如“五味消毒飲”可譯為FiveIngredient Decoction for Eliminating Toxin。（三）中醫(yī)方劑常見(jiàn)劑型及其翻譯中醫(yī)方劑劑型比較多，現(xiàn)就其主要種類(lèi)與譯法分述如下：1．湯劑：Decoction2．散劑：Powder3．丸劑：可譯為Bolus（大丸藥）、Pellet（小丸藥）或Pill（1）蜜丸：Honeyed Bolus（2）水丸：Water Pellet（3）糊丸：Paste Pill（4）濃縮丸：Condensed Pellet4．膏劑：Paste, Ointment, Plaster, Salve（1）流浸膏：Liquid Extract（2）浸膏：Extract（3）煎膏：Decocted Paste（4）軟膏：Ointment, Paste（5）硬膏：Plaster 5．丹劑：與丸劑同，只因多用精練藥品或貴重藥品制成，所以稱(chēng)丹不稱(chēng)丸。6．酒劑：Vinum 7．茶劑：Medicinal Tea8．藥露：Syrup 9．錠劑：Lozenge, Pastille, Troche10．糖漿劑：Syrup11．片劑：Tablet12．沖服劑：Granule 13．針劑：Injection14．栓劑：Suppository15．膠囊劑：Capsule（二）中藥藥性的翻譯1．Among these materials, flowers, herbs and trees are the ones most frequently used, that is why Chinese materia medica is called Chinese medicinal herbs.在這些藥物中，大多數(shù)是、草和樹(shù)木，所以中藥又稱(chēng)為中草藥。2．The Chinese medicinal herbs are characterized by four properties (cold, heat, warm and cool) and five tastes (sour, bitter, sweet, acrid or pungentspicy and salty). 中草藥具有寒、熱、溫、涼四種不同的藥性（即四氣）和酸、苦、甘、辛、咸五種不同的味道（即五味）。3．Herbs such as prepared aconite root (Fuzi), which relieve cold syndromes, are characterized as warm or hot. 象附子這樣能解除寒證的草藥性屬溫?zé)帷?．When the taste is not obvious, it is known as bland or tasteless. 味道不明顯的草藥為淡味或無(wú)味。5．Also, some herbs are characterized as astringent. 還有一些藥物具有收澀的作用。6．Herbs that have a dispersing function are pungentspicy. 辛味之藥具有宣散作用。7．Herbs may be cold, slightly cold and very cold。 bitter, slightly bitter and very bitter。 etc. 藥物或者為寒、微寒和大寒；或者為苦、微苦和苦甚。8．The functional tendencies of herbs are marked by ascending, descending, floating and sinking. 藥物的作用趨勢(shì)為升降沉浮。9．Herbs that ascend and float move upward and outward。 they promote sweating, raise yang, cause vomiting and open the orifices.具有升浮作用的藥物有發(fā)汗、升陽(yáng)、涌吐和開(kāi)竅的功效。 10．Herbs that descend and sink move downward and inward, conduct qi downward, promote urination and defecation, subdue yang and calm the mind. 具有降沉作用的藥物有行氣、通便、潛陽(yáng)和安神的功效11．In addition, processing and preparation may change the taste and property of the herb and influence its functional tendencies. 另外，炮制有可能改變藥物的性味和影響藥物的作用趨向。12．A herb may selectively act upon a particular part of the body to relieve pathogenic change in specific meridians and organs. 一個(gè)藥物可以有選擇性地作用于人體的某一特定部位以消除某一經(jīng)絡(luò)或器官的病變。13．The meridians that a herb enters depend on the corresponding symptoms relieved. 一個(gè)藥物歸于何經(jīng)取決于它所祛除之癥狀。14．In the Chinese Materia Medica, the words “toxic, nontoxic, very toxic or slightly toxic” often appear. 在《中華本草》一書(shū)中，“有毒、無(wú)毒、有大毒或有小毒”等詞經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)。15．No overdose of toxic herbs should be given as this may lead to side effects. 使用有毒的藥物時(shí)不要多量，以免帶來(lái)副作用。（三）中醫(yī)治則的翻譯方法1．Diaphoresis, also known as exteriorrelieving method, is a therapeutic method used to open the muscular interstices and relieve exterior syndrome with the herbs for relieving the exterior and inducing sweating. 汗法，也叫解表法，是運(yùn)用解表發(fā)汗的方藥，開(kāi)泄肌腠，解除表證的一種治療方法。2．It also can be used to treat edema serious above the waist, early stage of carbuncle and ulcer as well as inhibited eruption of measles with the same manifestations mentioned above. 本法也可以用以治療水腫病腰以上腫甚、瘡瘍病初起，以及麻疹透發(fā)不暢等具有上述證候者。3．Diaphoresis is either induced by herbs acrid in taste and warm in nature or by herbs acrid in taste and cool in nature. 汗法有辛溫發(fā)汗和辛涼發(fā)汗之分。4．the method of nourishing yin to induce sweating 滋陰發(fā)汗5．the therapy of supporting yang to induce sweating 助陽(yáng)發(fā)汗6．Emesis is a therapeutic method used to direct pathogenic factors or toxic materials to be vomited out through the mouth. 吐法是引導(dǎo)病邪或有毒物質(zhì)，使之從口涌吐而出的一種治療方法。7．Emetic therapy is usually used to treat sthenia syndrome with urgency to vomit out things retained inside. 吐法常用以治療病情急迫而必須迅速吐出積滯的實(shí)證。 8．Purgation is a therapeutic method used to discharge feces, eliminate retention of substance and fluid inside the body and relieve accumulation of stheniaheat with the prescriptions and herbs effective for catharsis. 下法是運(yùn)用具有瀉下作用的方藥，通過(guò)瀉下大便，攻逐體內(nèi)結(jié)滯和積水，并解除實(shí)熱蘊(yùn)結(jié)的一種治療方法。9．Mediation is a therapeutic method used for eliminating pathogenic factors and supporting healthy qi. 和法是祛除病邪扶助正氣的一種治療方法。10．This therapy is used to treat a variety of syndromes, such as shaoyang syndrome marked by alternative chills and fever in the semiexterior and semiinterior phase。 irregular menstruation due to disharmony between the liver and stomach and stagnation of liver qi。 abdominal pain and diarrhea due to hyperactivity of the liver and asthenia of the spleen.這一療法應(yīng)用范圍廣，如往來(lái)寒熱于半表半里的少陽(yáng)證，肝胃不和、肝氣郁結(jié)所致的月經(jīng)不調(diào)，以及肝旺脾虛的腹痛、瀉泄等。11．Clinically mediation is divided into four types: mediating shaoyang, relaxing the liver and harmonizing the stomach, regulating the liver and spleen, and regulating the intestines and stomach.臨床上和法分為四種：和解少陽(yáng)，適用于邪在半表半里之間的少陽(yáng)證；舒肝和胃，適用于肝氣犯胃，胃失和降；調(diào)和肝脾，適用于肝脾失調(diào)；調(diào)和腸胃