【正文】 Exercise Early Romanticism The age of Realism Colonial period and Revolutionary period Irving Franklin Cooper Emerson Hawthorne Twain James Dreiser Melville Thoreau Transcendentalism Late Romanticism I. Historical Background history: 1) In 1492, Christopher Columbus found the new continent called America. 2) In 1607, Captain John Smith led some Englishmen across the ocean. 3) In 1620, 102 passengers sailed on the ship Mayflower across the sea and settled on ―New England‖ of the new continent. 2. Reasons for ing to the new world wealth adventure religion: puritans 3. BeliefPuritanism Puritans wanted to ―purify the church‖ to its original state, because they thought the church was corrupted and had too many rituals Doctrines of Puritans taking religion as the most important thing。 living for glorifying God。 believing predestination（命運(yùn)天定） , original sin(原罪，人生下來就是有罪的，因?yàn)槿祟惖淖嫦葋啴?dāng)和夏娃是有罪的 ), total depravity(人類是完全墮落的，所以人要處處小心自己的行為，要盡可能做到最好以取悅上帝 ), limited atonement (有限救贖，只有被上帝選中的人才能得到上帝的拯救 ) American Puritanism Features of American Puritan （ they would build the new land to an Eden on earth.) idealist dream more practical, tougher (the severe conditions) struggle for survival preoccupied with business and profits 1) It is one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American Literature. 2) First, it is a branch of Protestantism holding the teachings of Calvinism, believing that human beings are basically evil, and could do nothing about it, and many, although not all, will surely be condemned to hell. People should try to try to please God by working hard, being thrifty, pious, and sober. 3) It is more a code of values, a philosophy of life and a point of view than a kind of religion, stressing hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety. It is opposed to social pleasures and indulgences. Puritanism American Puritanism ③ Influencing the style of literature: simple, fresh and direct (just as the style of Holy Bible) Without understanding of Puritanism, there can be no good understanding of American culture and literature. American Puritanism Enduring shaping influence in literature ① Basis of American literature dreamed of living under a perfect order worked with courage hoped to build a Garden of Eden on earth faced the worst of life with optimism All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden. ?went into the making of American literature ② Contributing to the development of Symbolism（象征主義） : a technique, widely used Symbolism means using symbols in literary works. The symbol means something that represents or stands for abstract deep meaning. Puritans thought that all the simple objects existing in the world connoted deep meaning II. Literature in the early periods: 1. main features 1) Diaries, histories, journals, letters, monplace books, travel books, sermons, in short, personal literature in its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period. 2) In content these early writings served either God or colonial expansion or both. In form, there wasn‘t any form at all, and English literary traditions were faithfully imitated and transplanted. 3) 3) Literature in the early periods were barren and bleak, but they represent a process in which American literature evolved towards a higher phrase. 2. Early American Puritan Writers ? John Smith, one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown: His descriptions about the new world became the source of information for the later settlers. ? William Bradford, 1st governor of Plymouth: The History of Plymouth Plantation ? John Winthrop, 1st governor of Boston, The History of New England Their writings illustrate the religious zeal of the first settlers. Early American Puritan Poets ? Anne Bradstreet: Her poems made such a stir in England that she became known as the “Tenth Muse” who appeared in America. ? Edward Taylor: His work followed the style and forms of the leading English poets of the mid17th century. Most of their poems treated religious themes. They were servants of God. Early writers writing for freedom Roger Williams: the first rebel against the divine church ? John Woolman Writers in the Revolutionary Period Jonathan Edwards: the last medieval man The Freedom of the Will, The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended Benjamin Franklin Writers in the Revolutionary Period ? Thomas Paine: a famous pamphleteer in the age of revolution, his Common Sense appeared in 1776, boldly advocating a ―Declaration of Independence.‖ ? Philip Freneau: the most outstanding writer of the postrevolutionary period. He used his poetic talents for the independence of America, and dedicated himself to writing American subject matters. 1) He was a rare genius in human history. Everything seems to meet in this one man, mind and will, talent and art, strength and ease, wit and grace, and he became almost everything: a printer, postmaster, citizen, almanac maker, essayist, scientist, inventor, statesman, philosopher, political economist and ambassador. 2) He was the first great selfmade man in America, a poor democrat born in an aristocratic age that his fine example helped to liberalize. 3) Politically he was one of the founding fathers of the United States. He was the only American to sign the four historic documents: the declaration of Independence, the treaty of alliance with France, the treaty of peace with England, and the constitution. 2. Evaluation. (Benjamin Franklin1706 – 1790) 4)Scientifically, as the symbol of America in the Age of Enlightenment, he invented a lot of useful impl