【正文】 PowerPoint ? Lecture Notes Presentation Disorders of Childhood 兒童期疾患 Abnormal Psychology, Tenth Edition by Ann M. Kring, Gerald C. Davison, John M. Neale, amp。 Sheri L. Johnson Copyright 2021 John Wiley amp。 Sons, NY 2 Classification and Diagnosis of Childhood Disorders 兒童期疾患的分類和診斷 ? Developmental psychopathology 發(fā)展的心理病理學(xué) 187。 Studies disorders of childhood within the context of normal child development 在正常兒童發(fā)展的背景脈絡(luò)下研究兒童期的疾患 ? Externalizing disorders 外化性疾患 187。 Characterized by outward behaviors 以外化性的行為為其特性 – Nonpliance, aggressiveness, overactivity, impulsiveness 不服從 ,攻擊 ,過動(dòng) ,衝動(dòng) – More mon in boys 在男孩較普遍 ? Internalizing disorders 內(nèi)化性疾患 187。 Characterized by inward behaviors 以向化的行為為其特性 – Depression, anxiety, social withdrawal 憂鬱 ,焦慮 ,社會(huì)退縮 – More mon in girls 在女孩較普遍 Copyright 2021 John Wiley amp。 Sons, NY 3 Table Chapters Where Disorders are Discussed That Occur in Both Children and Adults 在兒童和成人身上皆會(huì)發(fā)生的疾患章節(jié) Copyright 2021 John Wiley amp。 Sons, NY 4 Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 注意力不足 /過動(dòng)疾患 ? Excessive levels of activity 過多的活動(dòng) 187。 Fidgeting, squirming, running around when inappropriate, incessant talking 不安 ,扭動(dòng) ,不恰當(dāng)?shù)淖邉?dòng) ,不停的說話 ? Distractability and difficulty concentrating 分心和有困難集中 187。 Makes careless mistakes, can?t follow instructions, fetful 粗心犯錯(cuò) ,不能聽從指令 ,健忘 ? Must be severe and persistent 必須嚴(yán)重且持續(xù) 187。 Present for at least 6 months and cause impairments in functioning 持續(xù)至少六個(gè)月並產(chǎn)生功能的受損 Copyright 2021 John Wiley amp。 Sons, NY 5 Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 注意力不足 /過動(dòng)疾患 ? Three subcategories in DSMIVTR 在 DSMIVTR中可分為三個(gè)亞型： 1. Predominantly inattentive type 主要為不注意型 2. Predominantly hyperactiveimpulsive type 主要為過動(dòng) 易衝動(dòng)型 3. Combined type 複合型 ? Differential diagnosis 鑑別診斷 187。 ADHD or Conduct Disorder? 注意力不足過動(dòng)疾患或品性疾患？ 187。 ADHD注意力不足過動(dòng)疾患 – More offtask behavior, cognitive amp。 achievement deficits 較多無法達(dá)成工作的行為 ,認(rèn)知和成就上缺陷 187。 Conduct Disorder 品行疾患 – More aggressive, act out in most settings, antisocial parents, family hostility 較多攻擊性 , 常出現(xiàn)動(dòng)作外化行為 ,反社會(huì)性父母 ,家人敵意 Copyright 2021 John Wiley amp。 Sons, NY 6 Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 注意力不足 /過動(dòng)疾患 ? ADHD often orbid with anxiety and depression 通常和焦慮和憂鬱共病 ? Prevalence estimates 2 to 7% 盛行率估計(jì)約 2到 7％ ? Symptoms persist beyond childhood 癥狀在兒童期之後仍持續(xù) 187。 Most still meet criteria in adolescence 大部分在青少年期仍符合準(zhǔn)則 Copyright 2021 John Wiley amp。 Sons, NY 7 Etiology of ADHD 注意力不足過動(dòng)疾患的病因?qū)W ? Geic factors 遺傳因素 187。 Twin studies 雙生子研究 – Heritability estimates as high as 70 to 80% 遺傳率估計(jì)有百分之 70到80高 187。 Two dopamine genes implicated 二個(gè)多巴胺基因受到影響 ? Neurobiological factors 神經(jīng)生物因素 187。 Underresponsive frontal lobes 額葉反應(yīng)性低 187。 Reduced cerebral blood flow 大腦血流量減少 187。 Smaller frontal lobes, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus 額葉 ,尾核和蒼白球較小 Copyright 2021 John Wiley amp。 Sons, NY 8 Etiology of ADHD 注意力不足過動(dòng)疾患的病因?qū)W ? Perinatal and prenatal factors 出生前後和產(chǎn)前因素 187。 Low birth weight 出生體重低 187。 Maternal tobacco and alcohol use 母親吸菸和酒精使用 ? Environmental toxins 環(huán)境毒素 187。 Food additives and sugar not related to ADHD 食品添加物和糖與注意力不足過動(dòng)疾患 沒有 相關(guān) 187。 Nicotine from maternal smoking 來自母親吸煙所產(chǎn)生尼古丁 – May damage dopaminergic system in fetus 可能損害胎兒多巴胺內(nèi)生性系統(tǒng) Copyright 2021 John Wiley amp。 Sons, NY 9 Etiology of ADHD 注意力不足過動(dòng)疾患的病因?qū)W ? Psychological Factors 心理因素 187。Ineffective parenting, negative interactions 無效能的親職教育 ,負(fù)向互動(dòng) 187。Probably interact with geic and neurobiological factors 可能和遺傳和神經(jīng)生物因素產(chǎn)生交互影響 187。Likely to exacerbate or maintain ADHD behaviors but not cause them 很可能惡化或維持 ADHD的行為問題但不會(huì)造成此疾患 Copyright 2021 John Wiley amp。 Sons, NY 10 Treatment of ADHD 注意力不足過動(dòng)疾患的治療 ? Stimulant medications 興奮劑藥物治療 187。 Reduce disruptive behavior 降低破壞性行為 187。 Improve attention and concentration 改善注意力和專心 – Ritalin 利他能 – Adderall – Concerta – Strattera 187。 Side effects 副作用 – Loss of appetite 失去食慾 – Sleep problems 睡眠問題 Copyright 2021 John Wiley amp。 Sons, NY 11 Treatment of ADHD 注意力不足過動(dòng)疾患的治療 ? Ps