【正文】 Project Management Professional (PMP) Certification Study Guide PMI Certification Materials ? To assist PMI candidates for pleting the PMI certification exam administered by the Project Management Institute ? Content is from “A Guide To The Project Management Body Of Knowledge” (PMBOK) ? Recurring Themes ? Historical Records – need to collect and use for planning, estimating and risk ? Kickoff meetings are important ? Work Breakdown Structures ? Do not introduce benefits that are not stated in requirements ? Needs of all stakeholders should be taken into account during all projects ? Team Members must be involved in project planning ? Project Mangers must be proactive Chapter 1 – Introduction ? Project – temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service ? Has a definite beginning and end and interrelated activities ? Programs adopt new set of objectives and continue to work。 projects cease when declared objectives have been attained Chapter 1 – Introduction ? Projects are unique – characteristics are progressively elaborated ? Progressively: proceeding in steps ? Elaborated: worked with care and detail ? Scope of project should remain constant even as characteristics are “progressively elaborated” Chapter 1 Introduction ? Project Management: the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities in order to meet or exceed stakeholder needs and expectations from a defined project – balancing the following: ? Scope, time, cost, and quality ? Stakeholders? expectations ? Requirements (needs) vs. unidentified requirements (expectations) Chapter 1 Introduction ? Programs are groups of projects managed in a coordinated way to obtain benefits not available from managing the projects individually ? Most programs have elements of ongoing operations ? Series of repetitive or cyclical undertakings ? Projects are often divided into “subprojects” for more manageability ? Often contracted out to external anizations Chapter 2 – Project Management Context ? Project Phases are marked by the pletion of a deliverable ? Tangible, verifiable work product ? Review of deliverables and approval/denial are “phase exits, stage gates, or kill points” ? Phases are collected into the Project Life Cycle ? Set of defined work procedures to establish management control Chapter 2 – Project Management Context ? Project Life Cycle defines: ? Technical work performed in each phase ? Who is involved in each phase ? Project Phases can overlap – “Fast Tracking” ? Common Characteristics of Project Life Cycles: ? Cost and Staffing levels are low at start and move higher towards the end ? Probability of successfully pleting project is low at beginning, higher towards the end as project continues ? Stakeholder influence is high at the beginning and progressively lowers as project continues Chapter 2 – Project Management Context ? Stakeholders: individuals and anizations who are actively involved in the project ? Often have conflicting expectations and objectives ? In general, differences should be resolved in favor of the customer – individual(s) or anization(s) that will use the oute of the project ? Stakeholder management is a proactive task ? Project Mangers must determine all stakeholders and incorporate their needs into the project Chapter 2 – Project Management Context ? Stakeholders are: ? Project Managers ? Customers ? Performing Organizations, owners ? Sponsor ? Team ? Internal/External ? End User ? Society, citizens ? Others: owner, funders, supplier, contractor Chapter 2 – Project Management Context ? Organizational Systems: Project based vs. NonProject Based ? Project Based – derive revenues from performing projects for others (consultants, contractors),”management by projects” ? NonProject Based – seldom have management systems designed to support project needs (manufacturing, financial services) Chapter 2 – Project Management Context ? Organizational Cultures and Styles: ? Entrepreneurial firms more likely to adopt highly participative Project Manager – accept higher risk/reward ? Hierarchical firms less likely to adopt participative Project Manager – take fewer risks Chapter 2 – Project Management Context ? Organizational Structures ? Functional (classical) marked by identifiable superiors. Staff grouped by specialty . Perceived scope of project limited by function (Engineering, HR). Typically have parttime Project Manager ? Projectized Organization –blend functional and projectized characteristics. Mix crossdepartment personnel with fulltime Project Manger Chapter 2 – Project Management Context ? Project Management Skills ? General Business Management (consistently producing results expected by stakeholders) ? Leading (establishing direction, aligning resources, motivating) ? Communicating (clear, unambiguous, and plete) ? Negotiating (conferring with others to reach an agreement) ? Problem Solving (definition and decision making) ? Distinguish causes and symptoms ? Identify viable solutions ? Influencing Organization (understanding power and politics) Chapter 2 – Project Management Context ? Socioeconomic Influences ? Standards – document approved that provides mon, repeated use, rules and guidelines ? Compliance is not mandatory ? Regulations – document that identifies products, services or characteristics ? Compliance is mandatory ? Standards often bee “de facto” regulations ? Internationalization ? Cultural Influences Chapter 2 – Project Management Context ? Organization Structure Pro?s and Con?s ? Projectized ? Efficient Organization – No “home” ? Loyalty – Lack