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東北大學秦皇島分校畢業(yè)設計(論文) 第 I 頁 畢業(yè)設計 (論 文 ) 基于單片機的避障小車設計與實現 系 別 專 業(yè) 班級 學號 姓 名 指導教師 東北大學秦皇島分校畢業(yè)設計(論文) 第 II 頁 摘 要 避障智能小車,即輪式 避障 機器人,是移動機器人的一種。 基于四輪移動小車為框架,以具有 16KB 系統(tǒng)內可編程 Flash 的 8 位 AVR 微控制器為核心,開發(fā)研制了一套智能小車所用的避障 系統(tǒng) ,該 系統(tǒng) 主要 由控制模塊、檢測模塊、供電模塊和運動模塊組成。本文使用了超聲波傳感器對智能小車周圍的環(huán)境進行探測,在超聲波測距中,采用循環(huán)發(fā)射的方式,有效避免了回波信號干擾,采用 1 個發(fā)射器發(fā)射、 2 個鄰近的接收器接收的方法,為避障小車提供同一方向上的多個距離信息,并且給出了距離信息的多種表示方法。并且利用 AVR 單片機技術對超聲波傳感器所 探得的障礙物信息進行處理,如距離、角度等,最終通過一種新穎的控制算法來完成障礙物的 識別,通過 PWM 調速來控制 L298N 的電機驅動從而實現了智能小車的自主避障。最后經過編碼、調試及反復驗證最終得出結論,即完成了基于單片機的避障小車的設計與實現。 關鍵詞 : 避障 , ATmega16 單片機 , 超聲波傳感器 , L298N 電機驅動 東北大學秦皇島分校畢業(yè)設計(論文) 第 III 頁 Design and Implementation of Smart Car Obstacle Avoidance Based on SingleChip Microputer Author : Chenyandong Tutor : Weiyongtao Abstract Smart car obstacle avoidance, which is called wheeled robot obstacle avoidance, is one kind of mobile robot. Based on the framework of a fourwheel mobile robot, and the core of 8bit AVR micro controller with programmable flash in 16 KB system, the thesis has developed a module of obstacle avoidance which is used in the smart car. The module mainly consists of the control part, detection part, power part and motor part. The thesis makes use of ultrasonic sensors to detect the environment around the smart car. In the ultrasonic ranging, it has effectively prevented the echo signal interference by the way of cyclic launch. And with a launcher and two neighboring receivers, it is provided with much information about distance in the same direction. The method also gives more ways to represent the distance. The thesis also uses AVR SingleChip Microputer to process the obstacle information discovered by ultrasonic sensors, such as distance and angle. Then the thesis pletes the obstacle pattern recognition through a new control algorithm, and achieved autonomous obstacle avoidance with PWM controlling L298N motor driver. Finally, the thesis makes the conclusion that it acplishes the design and implementation of the obstacle avoidance car based on SingleChip Microputer is achieved through coding, debugging and repeatedly verification. Key words: Obstacle Avoidance, ATmega16 SingleChip Microputer, Ultrasonic Sensors, L298N Motor Driver 東北大學秦皇島分校畢業(yè)設計(論文) 第 IV 頁 目 錄 1 緒論 ...................................................................................................................................... 1 引言 ............................................................................................................................. 1 選題背景 ..................................................................................................................... 1 研究意義與目的 ......................................................................................................... 2 避障小車研究現狀 ..................................................................................................... 3 國內避障小車研究現狀 .................................................................................. 3 國外避障小車研究現狀 .................................................................................. 3 論文研究的預期目標、主要內容 ............................................................................. 4 論文研究預期目標 .......................................................................................... 4 論文的主要內容 .............................................................................................. 4 避障小車的關鍵技術 ................................................................................................. 5 避障技術 .......................................................................................................... 5 識別技術 .......................................................................................................... 6 驅動和結構技術 .............................................................................................. 6 傳感器技術 ...................................................................................................... 7 2 總體方案設計 ...................................................................................................................... 9 引言 ............................................................................................................................. 9 系統(tǒng)總體控制方案的確定 ......................................................................................... 9 系統(tǒng)任務描述 .................................................................................................. 9 控制系統(tǒng)要求 .................................................................................................. 9 控制對象與環(huán)境探測 .................................................................................... 10 微機的作用 .................................................................................................... 10 系統(tǒng)總體方案論證 ................................................................................................... 10 參數輸入方案 ................................................................................................ 10 直流電機方案 ................................................................................................ 11 電機驅動與調速方案 .................................................................................... 11 障礙檢測方案 ................................................................................................ 12 供電方案 ........................................................................................................ 13 核心