【正文】 如何提高 GPS 在工程測(cè)量應(yīng)用中的精度 1 本科畢業(yè)設(shè) 計(jì)（ 論 文） 題目 如何提高 GPS 在工程測(cè) 應(yīng)用 應(yīng)用中的精度 學(xué)生姓名 學(xué) 號(hào) 0915060111 教學(xué)院系 土木工程與建筑學(xué)院 專(zhuān)業(yè)年級(jí) 測(cè)繪工程 2021 級(jí) 指導(dǎo)教師 職 稱(chēng) 副教授 單 位 輔導(dǎo)教師 職 稱(chēng) 單 位 完成日期 2021 年 6 月 12 日 1 How to improve the precision of GPS in the application of Engineering Surveying 摘 要 GPS 定位技術(shù)作為一項(xiàng) 20 世紀(jì)的高新技術(shù)，已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于輪船、飛機(jī)以及汽車(chē) 的導(dǎo)航定位 。 由于 GPS測(cè)量有傳統(tǒng)測(cè)量不可取代的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，使 GPS測(cè)量在工程測(cè)量中的地位日益重要，相關(guān)的技術(shù)知識(shí)也發(fā)展很快。隨著 GPS 接收機(jī)的改進(jìn)， GPS定位技術(shù)，DGPS 差分定位技術(shù)和 RTK 實(shí)時(shí)差分定位技術(shù)的發(fā)展 ， 并 且 滿(mǎn)足動(dòng)態(tài)、快速、高精度定位的需要，使 GPS 在陸地導(dǎo)航、各類(lèi)控制網(wǎng)建立、精密工程測(cè)量、施工放樣等方面推廣應(yīng)用。 隨著 GPS 定位技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展及其在測(cè)量中日益深入廣泛的應(yīng)用 ,對(duì) 其測(cè)量精度的要求越來(lái)越高。 本文首先 分析了研究意義 及發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀， 介紹了 GPS 的系統(tǒng)組成與測(cè)量原理。在分析各種測(cè)量方法的同時(shí)，指出它們的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)和 適 用情況，使用范圍。然后分析了各種來(lái)源誤差、 起算點(diǎn)、布網(wǎng)方法、觀測(cè)時(shí)間對(duì) GPS 觀測(cè)精度的影響， 針對(duì)各種誤差，提出了相應(yīng)的減弱或消除方法，并 結(jié)合工程實(shí)例，重點(diǎn)討論了起算點(diǎn)對(duì)高程精度的影響，分析總結(jié)出可供工程實(shí)踐參考的結(jié)論。最后分析討論了 RTK 測(cè)量的精度影響因素，指出一些對(duì)提高精度有用的方法，并對(duì)提高 GPS 在工程測(cè)量應(yīng)用中的精度提出了進(jìn)一步深入研究的建議。 關(guān)鍵詞 ： GPS 測(cè)量 精度 ； 影響因素 ； 誤差 ； 起算點(diǎn) ABSTRACT 如何提高 GPS 在工程測(cè)量應(yīng)用中的精度 1 High tech GPS as a kind of positioning technology of twentieth Century , has been widely used in ships, aircraft and vehicles’ navigation and positioning. Because of the advantages of the traditional measurement can’t be replaced by the GPS measurement, the measurement of GPS in the project measurement is being more and more important, the technical knowledge relevant also develops very quickly. With the improvement of GPS receivers,GPS positioning technology, the development of differential DGPS positioning technology and RTK realtime differential positioning technology, and meeting the dynamic, fast, high precision positioning,GPS is highly popularized and applied in land navigation, all kinds of control work establishment, precise engineering surveying, construction layout etc. With the continuous development of GPS technology and its application in the measurement being widely used, the measuring accuracy is increasingly demanded. This paper first analyzes the status quo and development research, introduces the GPS system position and measurement principle. In the analysis of the various methods of measuring, the thesis points out their advantages and disadvantages as well as the applicable conditions, the scope of use. Then analyzes the effects of various sources of error, the starting point, work design, observation time on GPS observation precision , puts forward the corresponding reduction or elimination method for a variety of errors, discusses the influence of the starting point of elevation accuracy bined with engineering example, and at last summarizes some conclusions for practical engineering. The final analysis of the factors affecting the accuracy of RTK measurement is discussed, and points out some methods to improve the accuracy of useful, and suggestions for further research are put forward to improve the accuracy of GPS measurements in engineering applications. Keywords： GPS measurement accuracy； influence factors； error； starting point 目錄 1 1緒論 ...............................................................................................................................5 概述 .................................................................................................................5 研究背景與意義 ..................................................................................................5 國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀 ..................................................................................................6 本文內(nèi)容安排 .....................................................................................................7 2 GPS測(cè)量原理及其技術(shù)概述 ............................................................................................8 GPS在工程測(cè)量中的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展前景 ............................................................8 .............................................................................................................8 GPS測(cè)量原理 .................................................................................................... 10 絕對(duì)定位原理 ......................................................................................... 10 相對(duì)定位原理 ......................................................................................... 11 差分 GPS定位原理 .................................................................................. 12 3影響 GPS測(cè)量精度的因素 ............................................................................................. 13 GPS測(cè)量誤差 .................................................................................................... 13 與衛(wèi)星有關(guān)的誤差 .................................................................................. 14 與傳播路徑有關(guān)的誤差 ........................................................................... 15 與接收設(shè)備有關(guān)的誤差 ........................................................................... 16 GPS布網(wǎng)方案 .................................................................................................... 17 起算點(diǎn)影響因素 ..................................................................................... 17 GPS布網(wǎng)方案 .......................................................................................... 23 觀測(cè)時(shí)長(zhǎng) ................................................................................................ 25 4 RTK測(cè)量 ...................................................................................................................... 26 ............................................................................................................. 26 RTK系統(tǒng)組成 .................................................................................................... 26 RTK網(wǎng) ............................................................................................................... 27 RTK精度影響因素 ............................................................................................. 27 R