【正文】 The Transformer on load﹠Introduction to DC MachinesThe Transformer on loadIt has been shown that a primary input voltage can be transformed to any desired opencircuit secondary voltage by a suitable choice of turn’s ratio. is available for circulating a load current impedance. For the moment, a lagging power factor will be considered. The secondary current and the resulting ampereturns will change the flux, tending to demagnetize the core, reduce and with it . Because the primary leakage impedance drop is so low, a small alteration to will cause an appreciable increase of primary current from to a new value of equal to . The extra primary current and ampereturns nearly cancel the whole of the secondary ampereturns. This being so, the mutual flux suffers only a slight modification and requires practically the same net ampereturns as on no load. The total primary ampereturns are increased by an amount necessary to neutralize the same amount of secondary ampereturns. In the vector equation,。 alternatively, . At full load, the current is only about 5% of the fullload current and so is nearly equal to. Because in mind that , the input kVA which is approximately is also approximately equal to the output kVA, .The physical current has increased, and with in the primary leakage flux to which it is proportional. The total flux linking the primary, is shown unchanged because the total back ., （）is still equal and opposite to . However, there has been a redistribution of flux and the mutual ponent has fallen due to the increase of with . Although the change is small, the secondary demand could not be met without a mutual flux and . alteration to permit primary current to change. The net flux linking the secondary winding has been further reduced by the establishment of secondary leakage flux due to , and this opposes . Although and are indicated separately, they bine to one resultant in the core which will be downwards at the instant shown. Thus the secondary terminal voltage is reduced to which can be considered in two ponents, . or vectorially . As for the primary, is responsible for a substantially constant secondary leakage inductance . It will be noticed that the primary leakage flux is responsible for part of the change in the secondary terminal voltage due to its effects on the mutual flux. The two leakage fluxes are closely related。, for example, by its demagnetizing action on has caused the changes on the primary side which led to the establishment of primary leakage flux.If a low enough leading power factor is considered, the total secondary flux and the mutual flux are increased causing the secondary terminal voltage to rise with load. is unchanged in magnitude from the no load condition since, neglecting resistance, it still has to provide a total back . equal to . It is virtually the same as , though now produced by the bined effect of primary and secondary ampereturns. The mutual flux must still change with load to give a change of and permit more primary current to flow. has increased this time but due to the vector bination with there is still an increase of primary current.Two more points should be made about the figures. Firstly, a unity turns ratio has been assumed for convenience so that . Secondly, the physical picture is drawn for a different instant of time from the vector diagrams which show , if the horizontal axis is taken as usual, to be the zero time reference. There are instants in the cycle when primary leakage flux is zero, when the secondary leakage flux is zero, and when primary and secondary leakage flux is zero, and when primary and secondary leakage fluxes are in the same sense.The equivalent circuit already derived for the transformer with the secondary terminals open, can easily be extended to cover the loaded secondary by the addition of the secondary resistance and leakage reactance.Practically all transformers have a turn’s ratio different from unity although such an arrangement is sometimes employed for the purposes of electrically isolating one circuit from another operating at the same voltage. To explain the case where the reaction of the secondary will be viewed from the primary winding. The reaction is experienced only in terms of the magnetizing force due to the secondary ampereturns. There is no way of detecting from the primary side whether is large and small or vice versa, it is the product of current and turns which causes the reaction. Consequently, a secondary winding can be replaced by any number of different equivalent windings and load circuits which will give rise to an identical reaction on the primary .It is clearly convenient to change the secondary winding to an equivalent winding having the same number of turns as the primary. With changes to , since the are proportional to turns, which is the same as .For current, since the reaction ampere turns must be unchanged must be equal to .. .For impedance, since any secondary voltage bees , and secondary current bees , then any secondary impedance, including load impedance, must bee . Consequently, and .If the primary turns are taken as reference turns, the process is called referring to the primary side.There are a few checks which can be made to see if the procedure outlined is valid.For example, the copper loss in the referred secondary winding must be the same as in the original secondary otherwise the