【正文】 i 240 萬噸年處理量常壓蒸餾工藝設(shè)計 摘 要 在中國過去幾十年來雖然催化裂化技術(shù)，取得了很大的步伐，但加氫精制，加氫裂化，加氫精制和催化重整技術(shù)在未來依然要經(jīng)歷嚴(yán)格的環(huán)保法規(guī)和嚴(yán)格的汽油和柴油燃料質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的考驗。不過，常減壓蒸餾作為原油加工第一步，及其對煉油過程中計劃和經(jīng)濟(jì)利益將不會受到影響。近年來由于采用新的實用技術(shù)和開發(fā)高效率設(shè)備有關(guān)常減壓蒸餾的問題已引起高度重視。 常壓 /減壓裝置煉油廠原油加工的第一道工序，盡管它是純粹物理分離過程。由于原油加工量很大，蒸餾過程對于煉廠的全部的加工方案和優(yōu)化操作具有 重要的影響。目前，蒸餾裝置正面臨著 四 個難題，即高的整體能耗，較低的分餾精度和拔出率，電脫鹽裝置不理想的操作，和含硫原油加工較低的適應(yīng)能力。需要設(shè)計者﹑操作人員和專業(yè)管理者的共同努力來解決這些問題。蒸餾裝置的操作水平的可以提高通過吸收先進(jìn)的設(shè)計理念，先進(jìn)實用技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，高效率的加工設(shè)備，改善操作人員的技術(shù)和加強專業(yè)管理等措施來提高。 關(guān)鍵詞： 常減壓，蒸餾 ，困難，措施 ii Abstract Although FCC technology has made great strides in China over the past decades，hydrotreating， hydrocracking,hydrofining and catalytic reforming technologies will experience an accelerated development in the future with the increasingly stringent environmental regulations and stricter standards for gasoline and diesel fuel quality． Nevertheless,the atmospheric and vacuum distillation as the first step of crude oil processing is very large in capacity and its impact on refinery process scheme and economic benefits will not be affected． Over the recent years the problems related with operation of atmospheric and vacuum distillation have at tracted high attention with new practical techniques and high—efficiency equipm ent being developed and applied unintermittently． The atmospheric/vacuum distillation unit is the first procedure for crude processing at refinery despite its purely physical separation nature． Since the crude processing volume is enormous， the distillation process can have significant impact on the overall process scheme and optimized operation of the refinery． Currently the distillation units are faced with four perplexing problem s， namely high overall energy. consumption， lower fractionation precision and extractionrate， nonideal operation of electro—desalting unit， and pooradaptability to sour crude processing． Keyword: Atmospheric, Distillation， difficulty， measure iii 目 錄 摘 要 ................................................................................................................................ I 一、概 述 ....................................................................................................................... 1 文獻(xiàn)綜述 .................................................................................................................... 1 國內(nèi)外蒸餾技術(shù)的進(jìn)展 ........................................................................................ 1 關(guān)于常壓塔新技術(shù)的應(yīng)用 ................................................................................... 2 腐蝕與防護(hù) ............................................................................................................ 5 熱量回收 ............................................................................................................... 6 常壓塔多變量計算機控制系統(tǒng) ........................................................................... 7 常減壓蒸餾裝置發(fā)展方向及其節(jié)能 .................................................................... 9 設(shè)計的說明 ............................................................................................................... 9 裝置生產(chǎn)方案的確定 ............................................................................................ 9 相關(guān)參數(shù)的選定 .................................................................................................. 12 二、設(shè)計計算 ................................................................................................................. 13 基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)處理 ......................................................................................................... 13 油品物性 ............................................................................................................. 13 平衡汽化曲線 ..................................................................................................... 16 實沸點數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)化 ................................................................................................. 20 物料平衡 ............................................................................................................. 22 初餾塔的工藝設(shè)計 .................................................................................................. 23 基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù) .............................................................................................................. 23 iv 工藝計算 ............................................................................................................. 24 塔徑與塔高的計算 .............................................................................................. 27 常壓塔的工藝設(shè)計 .................................................................................................. 30 常壓塔的進(jìn)料情況 .............................................................................................. 30 汽提蒸汽用量 ..................................................................................................... 30 塔板型式和塔板數(shù)的確定 ................................................................................. 30 精餾塔計算草圖 ................................................................................................. 31 操作壓力的確定 ................................................................................................. 31 汽化段溫度 ......................................................................................................... 32 塔底溫度 ............................................................................................................. 35 塔頂及側(cè)線溫度的假設(shè)與回流熱分配 ............................................................. 35 側(cè)線及塔頂溫度校核 ......................................................................................... 36 全塔氣液負(fù)荷分布圖 ....................................................................................... 44 塔板設(shè)計 ................................................................................................................. 55 基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù) ............................................................................................................. 55 塔徑的計算 ...........................