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21 語法復(fù)習(xí)四:定語從句 (一)定語從句一般由關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo) 關(guān)系代詞: who, whom, whose, which, that, as 關(guān)系副詞: when, where, why 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞必須位于從句之首,主句先行詞之后,起著連接先行詞和從句的作用, 同時在從句中又充當(dāng)句子成分。 . She is the girl who sings best of all.(關(guān)系代詞 who在從句中作主語) The rade with whom I came knows French.( whom在從句中作介詞 with的賓語) 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法: 1)當(dāng)先行詞為人時用 who 作主語, whom作賓語; 2)當(dāng)先行詞為物或整個句子時用 which ,可作主語或賓語; 3)先行詞為人、物時用 that ,可作主語或賓語; 4) whose 用作定語,可指人或物; 5)關(guān)系副詞 when(指時間,在定語從句中作時間狀語, where(指地點(diǎn),在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語), why(指原因,在定語從句中作原因狀語)。 (二)限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句 限制性定語從句:從句與主句關(guān)系密切,去掉 從句,主句意義不完整,甚至不合邏輯。 . I was the only person in our office who was invited.(去掉定語從句,意思就不完整) 非限制性定語從句:從句對先行詞關(guān)系不密切,去掉定從句,意思仍然完整。形式上用逗號隔開,不能 that用引導(dǎo)。 . Tom’s father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night.( who引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,整個句子可分成兩句來翻譯) (三)使用定語 從句時特別注意的幾個問題 that 與 which 的區(qū)別。 1)用 that而不用 which的情況:①先行詞為不定代詞 all, anything, nothing, … ;②先行詞有最高級修飾,有序數(shù)詞修飾;③先行詞有 only, very, any等詞修飾;④先行詞既有人又有物時。 . There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it. 沒有什么能阻止他不干那件事。 The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 在桂林他們所參觀的第一個地方是象鼻山。 This is the best film that I have ever seen. 這部電影是我看過的最好的一部。 Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows. 史密斯先生是他認(rèn)識的唯一的外國人。 2)用 which而不用 that的情況:①引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句;②代表整個主句的意思;③介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞。 . He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry. 他數(shù)學(xué)考試沒有及格,這使他的父親很生氣。 This is the room in which my father lived last year. 這是父親去年居住過的房子。 3) as引導(dǎo)定語從句時的用法 ① as引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句通常用于 the same … as, such … as 結(jié)構(gòu)中。 . I want the same shirt as my friend’s. 我要一件跟我朋友一樣的襯衫。 Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. 我們車間使用的這種機(jī)器是中國制造的。 ② as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句既可放在主句之前,也可放在主句之后,用來修飾整個句子。 22 通常用下列句型: as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。 . As I expected, he got the first place again in this midterm examination. 正如我所預(yù)料的那樣,他在這次期中考試中又獲得了第一名。 3) as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時與 which的區(qū)別 ①當(dāng)主句和從句語義一致時,用 as;反之,用 which來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。 . He made a long speech, as we expected. He made a long speech, which was unexpected. ②當(dāng)非限制定語從句為否定時,常用 which引導(dǎo)。 . Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn’t like at all. 2. 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時,從句的謂語動詞單數(shù)還是用復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)由先