【正文】 高精密激光切割技術(shù)的應(yīng)用研究 Application research of Highprecision laser cutting technology 摘要 激光切割是利用激光束聚焦形成的高功率密度的光斑，將材料快速加熱至汽化溫度，將材料去除，從而獲得所需要的圖案和切縫的加工方法。由于功率密度與光束截面直徑的平方成反比，而焦點(diǎn)處的直徑最小，因而功率密度最高。為了獲得高質(zhì)量的切縫，就要精確確定焦點(diǎn)的位置。激光切割機(jī)的對焦系統(tǒng)的研究對提高機(jī)床的加工精度和提高加工質(zhì)量具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義 。 本文在激光束聚集理論的基礎(chǔ)上，分析了激光光路系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)和聚焦系統(tǒng)的功能。針對 CLS2020 型激光切割機(jī)現(xiàn)有的調(diào)焦系統(tǒng)不能準(zhǔn)確確定焦點(diǎn)位置的缺點(diǎn)，提出并設(shè)計(jì)了一套以自準(zhǔn)式直望遠(yuǎn)鏡為主要部件的幾何光學(xué)對焦系統(tǒng)。 將對焦裝置切入現(xiàn)有機(jī)床的光路系統(tǒng)，組成新的對焦系統(tǒng)，通過試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證了系統(tǒng)的可行性。比較了采用此對焦系統(tǒng)和采用其它常用方法對焦點(diǎn)位置進(jìn)行檢測的準(zhǔn)確性。 關(guān)鍵字 ： 激光切割 對焦系統(tǒng) 焦點(diǎn)位置 CLS2020 Abstract Laser cutting is technology using a spot with high power and density formed by focused laser the carving or cutting the material is heated rapidly to thevaporization temperature,and wipes off by assistant air,then make the beam ormaterial moving and gain the pattern or narrow the power density is inversely proportional to the square of the diameter of the laser beam and the diameter of focusis the smallest,therefore the power density is the order to obtainhighquality kerf,it is necessary to assure the accurate location of the study of the focusing system of Laser carving and cutting machine has great realistic significance to improve the process accuracy and the process quality of the machine. This paper analyses the structure of laser optical system and the function offocusing the shortings that the existing focusing system of CLS2020 laser carving and cutting machine could not determine the location of the focus accurately,a geometrical optics system contains an auto collimating telescopewas raised and designed. The focusing device is installed into the optical system and forms a new focusing system,the feasibility was proved by the accuracy by using this focusing system and other mon methods to detect the position of the focus was pared. Keywords: Laser cutting Focalizing system Focus position CLS2020 I 目 錄 第一章 緒論 ..................................................................................................1 前言 ...................................................................................................1 1. 2 激光切割技術(shù)的應(yīng)用和優(yōu)越性 ......................................................2 1. 3 激光切割技術(shù)的特點(diǎn) ......................................................................3 1. 4 激光切割技術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢 ..................................................4 激光切割技術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀 ....................................................................4 激光切割技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢 ............................................................7 課題背景和意義 ...............................................................................8 第 二章 激光切割機(jī)的聚焦系統(tǒng)研究 ..........................................................9 2. 1 激光切割機(jī)系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成 ......................................................................9 激光光束聚焦理論 .........................................................................10 光學(xué)聚焦理論分析 .........................................................................15 反射鏡 ..........................................................................................16 聚焦透鏡 ......................................................................................16 聚焦功率密度 .................................................................................17 第三章 激光切割機(jī)對焦技術(shù)研究和裝置設(shè)計(jì) ........................................19 對焦方法 .........................................................................................19 望遠(yuǎn)鏡法對焦 .................................................................................20 自準(zhǔn)原理 ......................................................................................20 自準(zhǔn)式直望遠(yuǎn)鏡 ..........................................................................21 自準(zhǔn)式直望遠(yuǎn)鏡測量的凸透鏡焦距 ..........................................22 CLS2020 激光切割機(jī) ..................................................................24 激光切割機(jī)對焦裝置的設(shè)計(jì) .........................................................26 阿貝自準(zhǔn)式直望遠(yuǎn)鏡 ..................................................................27 反射鏡調(diào)整架的設(shè)計(jì) ..................................................................28 高度調(diào)節(jié)裝置 ..............................................................................30 望遠(yuǎn)鏡支撐裝置 ..........................................................................30 第四章 對焦試驗(yàn)及分析 ............................................................................31 對焦裝置的光路調(diào)節(jié) .....................................................................31 望遠(yuǎn)鏡的調(diào)節(jié) ..............................................................................31 激光光軸垂直于望遠(yuǎn)鏡光軸 ......................................................32 焦點(diǎn)位置測試 .................................................................................32 斜板法定位 ..................................................................................33 掃描法定位 ..................................................................................34 II 望遠(yuǎn)鏡法定位 ..............................................................................35 實(shí)驗(yàn)小結(jié) ......................................................................................36 總結(jié) ..............................................................................................................37 參考文獻(xiàn) ......................................................................................................39 致謝 ..............................................................................................................41 1 第一章 緒論 前言 激光切割是激光加工行業(yè)中最重要的一項(xiàng)應(yīng)用技術(shù) ,也是激光加工中應(yīng)用最早、使用最多的加工方法。它占整個(gè)激光加工業(yè)的 70%以上。激光切割與其他切割方法相比 ,最大區(qū)別是它具有高速、高精度和高適應(yīng)性的特點(diǎn)。同時(shí)還具有割縫細(xì)、熱影響區(qū)小、切割面質(zhì)量好、切割時(shí)無噪聲、切縫邊緣垂直度好、切邊光滑、切割過程容易實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化控制等優(yōu)點(diǎn)?？汕懈钐间摗⒉讳P鋼、合金鋼、木材、塑料、橡膠布、石英、陶瓷、玻璃、復(fù)合材料等。激光切割板材時(shí) ,不需要模具 ,可以替代一些需要采用復(fù)雜大型模具的沖切加工方法 ,能大大縮短生產(chǎn)周期和降低成本。因此 ,目前激光切割已廣泛地應(yīng)用于汽車、機(jī)車車輛制造、航空、化工、輕工、電器與電子、石油和冶金等工業(yè)部門中。 近年來 ,激光切割技術(shù)發(fā)展很快 ,國際上每年都以 15%～ 20%的速