【正文】 t ypes of sent ence ar e used, what is t hei r f uncti on? Sent ence plexit y: Do sent ences on whole have a sim pl e or a plex str uct ure? What i s t he average sent ence l engt h? Does pl exit y var y st ri kingl y fr om one sent ence t o anot her? I s plexit y mai nl y due t o (i ) coor di nat i on, (i i) subordi nati on, ( i i) j uxt aposit i on of cl auses or of ot her equi valent st r uct ur es? I n what par ts of t he text does pl exit y t end t o occur ? cl ause types: What t ypes of clauses ar e f avor ed—relati ve clauses, adver bi al cl auses, or dif fer ent t ypes of nom i nal cl auses? Ar e non fi nit e f orm s m onl y used, and i f so, of what t ypes ar e t hey (i nf i ni ti ve, ing f orm, ed f or m, verbl ess st r uct ur e) ? What i s t hei r functi on? Cl ause str uct ur e: I s ther e anyt hi ng si gni f icant about cl ause elements ( eg f requency of object s, adver bi al s, pl em ent s。 of tr ansi ti ve or i ntr ansit i ve ver b constr uct i ons)? Are t her e any unusual or deri ngs ( i ni ti al adver bial s, f ronti ng of obj ect or plement, et c) ? Do speci al ki nds of cl ause constr uct i on occur (such as those wit h pr eparat or y i t or t here) ? Noun phr ases: Are t hey r el at i vel y sim ple or pl ex? Wher e does the plexit y li e ( in pr em odi f icat i on by adj ect ives, nouns, etc, or in postm odi fi cat ion by pr eposit ion by pr eposit i onal phr ases, r elati ve clauses, et c)? Ver b phr ases: Ar e there any si gni fi cant depart ur es f r om t he use of t he sim ple past t ense? For exam pl e, noti ce occur rences and f uncti ons of the pr esent t ense, of t he pr ogr essive aspect, of t he per fect aspect , of m odal auxi li ari es. other phr ase t ypes: I s there anyt hi ng to be sai d about other phr ases t ypes, such as preposi ti onal phrases, adver b phrases, adj ect ive phr ases? Word cl asses: Having al ready consider ed m aj or wor d cl ases, we m ay consi der mi nor wor d cl asses ( eg f uncti onal wor ds) , such as preposi ti ons, conj unct ions, pr onouns, det erm i ner s, auxi li ari es, i nt er j ecti ons. Ar e parti cular wor ds of t hese t ypes used for parti cul ar ef ect ( eg dem onstr at i ves such as t his and t hat , negati ves such as not , not hing)? Gener al : Note whet her any gener al t ypes of gr amm ati cal const ructi on are used t o speci al ef f ect ( eg par at ive or super lati ve constr uct i ons, coor di nat i ve or l isti ng constr ucti ons, par ent het i cal constr uct i ons, i nt er ject i ons and aft ert houghts as occur i n causal speech) . And see to t he num ber of l ist s and coor di nat i ons. Fi gur es of Speech Her e we consi der t he featur es whi ch are f or egr ounded by vir t ue of depar ti ng i n som e way f rom gener al norm s of m uni cat i on by m eans of t he language code, f or exampl e, expl oit at i on of deviati ons fr om t he li ngui st i c code. Gramm at ical and l exi cal schem es ( f or egrounded r epet it ions of expr esi on): Are t her e any cases of f or mal and st r uct ur al r epet it ion ( anaphora, par al el ism, et c) or of mi r or im age pat er ns ( chi asmus)? I s t he rhetori cal ef fect of t hese one of anti thesi s, r einf or cem ent , cl im ax, ant i cl im ax, etc? Phonol ogi cal schem es: Ar e t her e any phonological pat ter ns of r hym e, al lit erati on, assonance, et c? Are t her e any sal ient r hyt hm ical pat er ns? Do vowel s and consonant sounds pat t er n or cl ust er in par ti cul ar ways? How do t hese phonol ogi cal f eat ur es int er act wi th m eani ng? Tr opes ( f or egrounded i r regul ari ti es of content) : Ar e t here any obvi ous viol ati ons of or neol ogisms f r om t he l i nguisti c code? For exam ple, ar e t her e any neol ogi sm s (such as “port ent ous inf ant s”) ? Ar e there any sem ant i c, synt act ic, phonol ogi cal, or gr aphological devi at ions? Such deviati ons ar e oft en t he cl ue to speci al i nter pr et ati ons associ at ed wit h t radit ional f i gur es of speech such as m et aphor , m et onym y, synecdoche, paradox, and ir ony. I f such t r opes occur, what kind of speci al i nt erpr et at i on i s i nvol ved ( f or exam ple, m etaphor can be cl assi fi ed as per soni fyi ng, ani mali zing, concr eti zing, synaest het ic, et c)? Cont ext and cohesion Her e we t ake a look at feat ur es whi ch are general y f ul l y dealt wi t h in di scourse anal ysi s. Under cohesion ways i n whi ch one part of a t ext i s li nked t o anot her ar e consi der ed。 f or i nst ance, the ways sent ences ar e connect ed. This i s the i nt ernal or gani zat i on of a t ext . Under context, r oughl y t he m at eri al , m ent al, personal , i nter acti onal , soci al, i nst it ut i onal, cult ural, and hist or ical si tuati on in whi ch t he di scour se i s made, we consi der t he ext er nal r el ati ons of t he li ter ar y t ext or a part of t he t ext , sei ng i t as a discour se pr esupposi ng a soci al r elati on bet ween it s part ici pants ( aut hor and r eader, character and char act er , char act er and r eader, etc.) , and a shar ing of knowledge and asum pti ons by par ti ci pant s. Cohesi on: Does t he text cont ai n l ogi cal or other li nks bet ween sentences ( eg coor dinati ng conj uncti ons, li nking adver bial s) , or does it t end to r epl y on i mpli cit connecti ons of m eani ng? What sort of use is m ade of cr oss r ef erence by pr onouns (she, i t, t hey, et c), by substi t ut e f or ms ( do, so, et c), or el ipsis? I s t here any use made of el egant vari at i on —the avoi dance of r epeti ti on by substi t ut i on of a descr i pt ive phr ase ( as “t he ol d l awyer ” substi t ut es f or t he r epet it on of an ear li er “Mr Jones”) ? Ar e m eaning connecti ons rei nf orced by r epeti ti on of wor ds and phr ases, or by r epeatedly usi ng words f rom the sam e sem ant