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2020年考研英語小作文過關(guān)百分百 私人和公務(wù)信函 概述 書信是日常生活中常用的文體,是用以交涉事宜、傳達(dá)信息、交流思想、聯(lián)絡(luò)感情、增進(jìn)了解的重要工具。書信一般可分為商務(wù)信件或公函( Business Letter or Official Correspondence)和私人信件( Private Letter)兩大類。值得注意的是,英語書信的寫法與漢語書信有一些明顯區(qū)別,應(yīng)特別加以區(qū)分。 英語書信通常包括下面幾個組成部分:信端、信內(nèi)地址、稱呼、正文、結(jié)束語、簽名、附件、再啟等。下面我 們將逐個進(jìn)行介紹。 關(guān)于發(fā)信日期的寫法,應(yīng)注意以下幾點: ①年份應(yīng)完全寫出,不能簡寫。 ②月份要用英文名稱,不要用數(shù)字代替。 ③月份名稱多用公認(rèn)的縮寫式。但 May, June, July, 因為較短,不可縮寫。 ④寫日期時,可用基數(shù)詞 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,…… 28, 29, 30,31 等,也可用序數(shù)詞 lst, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, …… 28th, 29th, 30th, 31lst等。但最好用基數(shù)詞,簡單明了。 日期可有下列幾種寫法: ① Oct. 20, 2020 ② 10 May., 2020 ③ 3rd June, 2020 ④ Sept. 16th, 2020 其中,①最為通用。 ( Salutation) 給外國人寫英文信時,稱呼用語要注意以下幾點: ①對沒有頭銜的男性一般稱呼 Mr. 。 Mr. 用在姓氏之前或姓氏和名字之前,不可只用在名字之前,例如對的稱呼,應(yīng)該是: Mr. 或 Mr. White, 不可是: Mr. Phil。若稱呼多個男性,則在姓名前用 Mr. 的復(fù)數(shù)形式 Messrs. 。對一般以人名為名稱的公司和企業(yè)常用這種稱呼,例如: Messrs. Black and Brothers 布萊克兄弟公司。 ②對女性一般稱呼 Mrs., Madam 或 Miss。 女子的丈夫的姓氏之前,或姓氏和名字之前,一般不用在名字前 Madame 此詞可以單獨使用或加在丈夫的姓名之前 Mrs. 沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。若稱呼多個女性,則在姓名前用 Mme. 的復(fù)數(shù)形式 Mmes. 而對以女子名字為名稱的公 司、企業(yè)可用 Mesdames 稱呼。 Miss 多用于未婚女子,此詞可縮寫為 Ms ,用于姓氏之前或姓氏和名字之前,一般不用于名字之前。 ③對收信人的稱呼,也可用頭銜或職位的名稱,不分性別。例如 Professor (縮寫為 Prof.), Doctor (縮寫為 Dr.), General (縮寫為 Gen.) 。這些稱呼都放在姓氏之前或姓氏和名字之前,如 Prof. ( Phil) White等。 ④對外公函中對收信人的稱呼,可用 Gentlemen (而不是 Gentleman), Dear Sir (s)和 My dear Sir(s)等。 Gentlemen 之前不能加 Dear, 后面也不能帶姓名。用 Sirs 時,前面常用 Dear 一詞,但也可單獨用 Sir。若收信人是婦女,則無論已婚或未婚,都可單獨使用 Madam 或其復(fù)數(shù) Mesdames。 ⑤對外國高級官員的稱呼,如國家元首、政府首腦、部長、大使、公使和特使等,可用( Dear) Sir, ( Dear) Mr. Chairman,( Dear) Mr. Premier, ( My dear) Mr. Ambassador, Your Excellency (復(fù)數(shù)為 Excellencies)。 ⑥對君主制國家的國王和皇帝等男性君主,可以 Sir 稱呼,對女王、女皇和皇后等女性君主,可用 Madam 稱呼。有時也用 Your Majesty 稱呼以表示??蜌夂妥鹁?Your Majesty 可兼指男性和女性,其復(fù)數(shù)為 Your Majesties。 ⑦對王室成員,如太子、王子、親王和公主等,一般可用( Dear) Sir 或( Dear) Madam 但在正式尊稱時,一般用 Your Highness (復(fù)數(shù)為 Highnesses)。 收信人稱呼 先生(男人) Mr./Esq. 夫人(已婚) Mrs. 小姐(未婚) Miss 夫人、小姐統(tǒng)稱 Ms. 夫婦倆人 Mrs. 兩位或兩位以上男子 Messrs 兩位或兩位以上女子(已婚) Mesdames 兩位或兩位以上小姐(未婚) Misses 常見的頭銜(漢英對照)如下: 教授 Professor 博士 Doctor(Dr.,.) 醫(yī)學(xué)博士 Medical Doctor(.) 總統(tǒng)或校長 President 主席或董事長 Chairman 副主席或副董事長 Vice Chairman 副總統(tǒng)或副校長 Vice President 首相 Prime Minister 總理 Premier 省長或州長 Governor 市長 Mayor 參議員 Senator 大使 Ambassador 秘書長 Secretary General 一秘 First Secretary 二秘 Second Secretary 院長 Director,Dean 副院長 Vice Director 系主任 Dean,Head,Chair 館長 Chief Librarian,Curator 閣下 Excellency 神甫 Father ( Body of the Letter) 信的正文每段第一行應(yīng)往右縮進(jìn)約四五個字母。在寫事務(wù)性信件時,正文一般開門見山,內(nèi)容簡單明了,條理清楚。在寫私人信件時,信寫好之后若有什么遺漏,可用 P. 。 ( Complimentary Close) 結(jié)束語是寫 信人表示自己對收信人的一種謙稱,只占一行,低于正文一二行,從信紙的中間或偏右的地方開始寫。第一個詞的開頭字母要大寫,末尾用逗號。結(jié)束語視寫信人與收信人的關(guān)系而定。 私人和公務(wù)信函 常用句式 常用的起首語有: 1) Thank you for your letter dated ,1969. 2)Many thanks for your letter of , 1997. 3)A thousand thanks for your kind letter of June 5,1997. 4)Your kind letter of November 22th arrived this morning. 5)Your letter which arrived this morning gave me great fort. 6)In reply to your letter dated 4th July,I want to say… 7)Thank you very much for your letter of August 2 and the gift you sent me on Christmas Eve. 8)What a treat to receive your kind letter of May 5th! 9)It is always a thrill to see your nice handwriting. 10)First of all I must thank you for your kind assistance and high attention to me . 11)With great delight I learn from your letter of this Sunday that … 14)I am very much pleased to inform you that my visit to your country has been approved. 15)I wish to apply for teaching position you are offering. 16)I am too excited and delighted at your good news. 17)I am very obliged to 。you for your warm congratulations.… 常用的結(jié)束語有 : 1) Awaiting your good news, 2)Looking forward to your early reply, 3)Hoping to hear from you soon, 4)We await your good news. 5)I hope to hear from you very soon. 6)We look forward to your reply at your earliest convenience. 7)I look forward to our next meeting there in Los Angeles. 8)Your early reply will be highly appreciated. 9)Any other particulars wanted we shall be pleased to send you. 10)The help you give me is sincerely valued. 11)I hope everything will be well with you . 12)Please let us know if you want more information. 13)I hope you always enjoy yourself. 14)I wish you very success in the ing year. 15)Please remember me to your family. 16)With best regards to your family. 17)All the best. 18)With love and good wishes. 私人和公務(wù)信函 分類舉例 私人介紹信 例 1 Directions: One of your classmates and friends Li Fang will go to a university in New York to study for several months. Please write a letter to an American friend in New York and introduce Li Fang to him/ should write about 100 words and do not need to write the address. Dear Mrs Mark, I am giving Miss Fang Li, a classmate of mine, this note of introduction to you and Mr. Mark, when she goes to visit New York City. Miss Li is my good friend. She is invited by a university to study there for a few months. She is a kind young lady. I believe you will enjoy meeting and knowing each other and bee friends. It is my hope that you will kindly invite her to stay in your house for a few days. Kind regards Very affectionately, *It is my hope that ... 是一個強調(diào)句式,意同 I hope that. stay in your house 表示在你家小住。 例 2 Directions : Your friend Mary Brown will go to Washington D. C. next month. Write a letter to Tony who is there and introduce Mary to him. You should write about 100 words and do not need to write the address.