外文翻譯--在全球價(jià)值鏈的地方產(chǎn)業(yè)集群：探索德國和巴基斯坦之間的動(dòng)態(tài)聯(lián)系(已修改)
2025-06-01 07:35 本頁面
【正文】 中文 3767 字 本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯 外文題目： Local clusters in global value chains: exploring dynamic linkages between Germany and Pakistan 出 處： Entrepreneurship amp。 Regional Development 作 者： Khalid Nadvi and Gerhard Halder Abstract Recent research has under lined the importance of external linkages for industrial clusters. Suppliers and buyers within a global value chain offer important external ties for cluster based producers not only in terms of the distribution of physical goods, but also for knowledge flows and innovation. Globalization has intensified such value chain links, connecting geographically dispersed producers to global markets. Yet, there is limited research on how local clusters enter global chains or on ties between clusters in the developed and developing world. This study addresses this gap. It uses the case of the global surgical instrument industry to analyze connections and differences between the industry’s leading production clusters in Germany and Pakistan. Global standards, lowcost petition, and advances in medical technology raise challenges for both clusters. The paper explores the responses to these challenges. It distinguishes between knowledge and production links to illustrate differentiation in each cluster, diverging trajectories and continuing ties. Keywords industrial clusters global value chains works innovation developing countries Introduction Since the 1990s, many studies have shown that petitiveness can be enhanced in geographically concentrated and sectorspecialized industrial clusters or districts (Brusco 1990, Krugman 1991, Schmitz 1995, Markusen 1996, Scott 1996, Porter 1998, Gordon and McCann 2020). The allure of the cluster approach lies in its promise for smallscale industry and the importance it attaches to local linkages. It shows that, with economies of agglomeration and local joint action, small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) can pete alongside large firms and in global markets. Clusterspecific external economies include the presence of skilled labor, specialist suppliers, and knowledge spillovers. Economies of scale and scope emerge when firms concentrate on particular processes and produce plex goods by interacting with each other. High levels of organizational flexibility within small firms lead to further cost advantages. Finally, local joint action, between firms and through local institutions can enhance the capacity of small firms and raise a cluster’s petitiveness. Observing that local clusters have global connections is not new. Amin and Thrift (1992) have long argued that clusters are ‘nodes’ within global works. However, studies on intercluster ties are rare (exceptions include Scott 1994, Rabellotti 1997, Meyer Stamer et al. 2020). Moreover, understanding the role of such external links on processes of local upgrading within clusters is especially weak. We focus on these gaps. The global surgical instruments industry provides us with an exemplary case study in that two quite distinct but closely related clusters, one in Sialkot, Pakistan and the other in Tuttlingen, Germany play a major role in the industry. In terms of innovation and quality the two clusters mark the lower and higher ends of the global industry, but, in terms of production, they are closely linked. Using primary and secondary evidence from both clusters we study how the two clusters work as specific, but interconnected, In order to obtain a dynamic perspective on these nodes, we distinguish between the analysis of production systems, which enpass the production of goods to desired specifications, and that of knowledge systems, that generate and manage changes in the pro
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