【正文】 1 中文 5167 字 本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯 外文題目 ： Logistics strateges and practices in Venezuela 出 處： Operations amp。 Technology Management 作 者： Angel Diaz Matalobos amp。 Candido Perez Costela 原 文： Logistics strateges and practices in Venezuela Angel Diaz Matalobos amp。 Candido Perez Costela Abstract This paper presents an empirical and statistical analysis identifies the key characteristics and opportunities of logistics in Venezuela. Among the key findings are conservative approaches to logistics in a protected market whose environment is changing faster than preferred by the responsible actors, limiting the application of modern logistics practices. This and other considerations, such as geographical location, production of modities and the identification in the strategy of the firms of the need for better logistics practices indicate important opportunities for the application of modern logistics practices. Keywords Logistics in Venezuela, conservative approaches, modern logistics practices Introduction Logistics management has bee a strategic tool in the success of business plans, due to its impact on cash flow generation and service quality. The processes of transformation and delivery demand a strategic vision of the links among manufacturing, purchasing and marketing, including organizational and environmental considerations. Venezuela, with a promising geographical location, but with operational inefficiencies (., high inventory 2 costs Esqueda, Diaz and Sanchez, 1996) and other market and state inefficiencies is particularly sensitive to advances in logistics. This situation is examined in this paper. Logistics in Venezuela, an important emerging market (Bowman, 1998)constitutes a test bed for advanced logistic practices, due to extensive modities production, its geographical location and a relatively low level of logistics performance. Commodities produced in the country include petroleum and derivatives, natural gas, steel, aluminum and electricity. These are lead by Petroleos de Venezuela (PDVSA) –an state owned firm responsible for the petroleum and natural gas exploration, production and delivery which is developing outsourcing as a focus strategy, ceding noncore activities to specialized firms. The geographical location of Venezuela –near the continent’s center of gravity, Figure 1 constitutes a parative advantage, as the country could bee a merce hub between the north and south of the Americas. This could be facilitated by strong improvements in the efficiency of the main port of the country, Puerto Cabello (Diaz and Dresner, 1997。 Gooley, 1998), and by the consolidation of the road to Manaos, Brazil (Acosta and Canakis, 1996). Other regional hubs are under development. Such are the cases of Pana ma, where a PacificAtlantic rail link will move 500,000 TEU by 2020 (Wilner, 2020) and Mexico where a similar link is also being built (Logistic and Distribution Report, 2020). 1. Logistic potential of Venezuela These parative advantages are marred by the backward state of petitiveness in the country. Venezuela has been ranked nexttolast in the world petitiveness report (IMD, 2020) for the last seven years, and this could be partially related to very small production scales and inefficient distribution channels (Esqueda et. al., 1996).Logistics techniques and practices such as crossdocking, outsourcing in transportation and warehousing, process orientation (driven by ERP implementations), and considerable investments in information technology could help to improve this situation, even when other advanced practices like benchmarking, work design and cooperative schemes are still lacking. This profile is similar to the one described for Latin America as a whole by Zinn (1996). With this motivation a survey of key logistics players in Venezuela was conducted, resulting in a map of current practices, strategies and logistics opportunities. Logistic Survey 3 The instrument was designed in mid1998 as part of an academic collaboration between a consulting firm (AT Kearney) and a business school (IESA). This was the first logistic poll documented in Venezuela. The respondents fulfilled Likerttype scales and numerical questions. The questions were designed to obtain descriptive information on logistic practices, while avoiding the disclosure of sensible financial information. The sample and profile of the firms A total of 384 logistics providers and users were initially contacted, with 31 responses received by February 1999. The low proportion of responses (8 per cent) is about average for Venezuela, where many panies do not have formal information services, or are suspicious of disclosing information. Respondents are representative of the industrial and service sectors, employ 820 persons in average with annual sales close to US $ 35 million, and exports of about 15 % of total sales. They tend to have large organizational structures for their sizes, averaging six hierarchical levels. This article continues the exploratory study previously performed by Diaz and Perez (2020). The raw data obtained wa