【正文】 專題02 閱讀理解專項(xiàng)突破2019年中考英語閱讀類題型專項(xiàng)突破（解析版）閱讀理解常見題型及解題技巧細(xì)節(jié)題l 知識(shí)點(diǎn)：細(xì)節(jié)理解題的基本要求和特點(diǎn) 初中英語閱讀理解最基本的要求是“能從一般性文章中獲取和處理主要信息”。對(duì)這種“獲取和處理主要信息”能力的考查，主要采用的方式就是細(xì)節(jié)判斷。這類題在閱讀理解題中占據(jù)半壁江山，做好這類題是確?；A(chǔ)分的關(guān)鍵。同時(shí)，弄清細(xì)節(jié)，正確獲取信息，也是把握文章主旨的前提。因此，要特別重視做好這類題。細(xì)節(jié)題就是指那些針對(duì)文章細(xì)節(jié)描寫或與文章情節(jié)發(fā)展相關(guān)的事實(shí)所設(shè)置的問題。這類題主要測(cè)試考生獲取信息及對(duì)文章所提供信息的理解能力。l 知識(shí)點(diǎn)：設(shè)題方式1) 此類題型多數(shù)以特殊疑問詞設(shè)問，設(shè)問的檢測(cè)點(diǎn)針對(duì)某一具體行為、地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、原因、方式、數(shù)量等。細(xì)節(jié)題是用來進(jìn)一步表達(dá)主題，體現(xiàn)中心思想的，往往針對(duì)短文某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)來設(shè)題。做此類題時(shí)，應(yīng)快速捕捉信息，可能是一些事例、數(shù)字等，閱讀時(shí)要有針對(duì)性。此類考查事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的題目大多數(shù)是針對(duì)文章的細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)的。2) 常見的命題方式 of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage? of the following is mentioned in the passage? is the example of . . . as described in the passage? author mentions all of the following except . . . reason for . . .is . . . author states that . . . to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. )...? of the following is right? of the following is not mentioned? the right order of this passage . this passage we know _______. 詞義猜測(cè)題l 知識(shí)點(diǎn)：詞義猜測(cè)的基本要求和特點(diǎn)所謂詞義猜測(cè)是指在閱讀過程中根據(jù)對(duì)語篇的信息、邏輯、背景知識(shí)及語言結(jié)構(gòu)等的綜合理解去猜測(cè)或推斷某一生詞、難詞、關(guān)鍵詞甚至短語或句子的意義。詞義猜測(cè)題在中考中一般考一至兩道，要求學(xué)生在掌握一定的詞匯量的基礎(chǔ)上，能獨(dú)立閱讀部分生詞，理解生詞的含義?？疾鞂W(xué)生通過上下文提供的線索或生詞本身的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)對(duì)詞義作出正確判斷的能力。l 知識(shí)點(diǎn)：常見的命題方式1. What does the word “_____”in ..... mean?2. It can be inferred（推斷，推論）/concluded（推斷） (from the passage) that the word“_____”means _____. word ...implies （意味，暗示）that _____.4. Which of the following is the closest meaning of the word?5. what do you think of the expression _______ stands for?6. The word “_____ ” in the passage probably means ________.7. In this story the underlined word “ ” means _______.l 例題The smallworld theory says that everyone in the world is connected through a short chain (鏈條) of people they know. Another name of this chain is degrees of separation. Each degree is a step that separates a person from someone he or she does not know. There are zero degrees of separation between a person and the people he or she knows directly. This means that there are zero degrees between Ben and his mom.What is the meaning of “degrees of separation” in Paragraph 2?A. The chain to connect people B. The relations between people C. The steps of knowing strangers D. The separation between strangers.【答案】A例2. 根據(jù)同義詞和反義詞猜測(cè)It not only spawned over 104,000 active discussions, but also brought about care about what means a healthy body image.The underlined word spawned in Paragraph 4 probably means _______.A. led to B. put out C. talked about D. looked into【答案】A【解析】根據(jù)此句的結(jié)構(gòu)not only…but also可知spawned與brought about同義，bring about意為“帶來”，可推知A選項(xiàng)led to“導(dǎo)致”正確例3. 根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè) Some students who steal essays (論文) wholesale from the Web, they said, are so lazy they don’t even bother to take the advertisements off the cutandpasted text.The underlined word “wholesale” in the 2nd paragraph possibly means _____.A. for sale in large quantities B. pletely copying others’ workC. in unlimited amounts D. in too large numbers from cutting and pasting【答案】：B【解析】wholesale中的whole意為“整個(gè)”，可以推知此句是完全剽竊的意思。學(xué)科~網(wǎng)主旨大意題l 知識(shí)點(diǎn)：主旨大意類題目的特點(diǎn)主旨是文章的核心，即文章的中心思想或主題。主旨題主要是考查考生能否分辨主題和細(xì)節(jié)、是否具備提綱挈領(lǐng)的能力，即是否能在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯方法對(duì)文章進(jìn)行高度概括和總結(jié)。這類題大約占總題量的30%。主旨題一般會(huì)放在第一個(gè)或者最后一個(gè)考。這類題要求閱讀時(shí)不但要看懂個(gè)別的句子，而且要能夠根據(jù)作者思路的展開，把握作者在整片文章中的觀點(diǎn)，因此必須看懂全篇文章的意思。做此類題時(shí)，應(yīng)通讀全文，理解文章大意，充分理解主題句的意義。l 知識(shí)點(diǎn)：常見設(shè)題方式：1. What is the main idea of this passage? does the passage mainly talk about?3. The best title of this passage is … this passage the writer tries to tell us that ______.l 知識(shí)點(diǎn)：解題技巧1. 整體思路（1）仔細(xì)閱讀全文，判斷發(fā)現(xiàn)主題句文章的主題句有的文章有而有的卻沒有，這就需要學(xué)生認(rèn)真地閱讀文章，仔細(xì)判斷（如果有，它經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在文章的開始和結(jié)尾處，但也不能排除出現(xiàn)在文章中間的可能）。另外，不要被表象所迷惑。有的文章列舉一個(gè)或幾個(gè)人們比較熟悉的事例或是用一些具體的事例來說明一個(gè)人們不熟悉或是抽象的內(nèi)容，這時(shí)要看清的是文章的本質(zhì)而不是表面現(xiàn)象。（2）對(duì)文章進(jìn)行分析、歸納和概括并得出正確結(jié)論這種情況下大多文章中是找不到主題句的，要求學(xué)生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上自己進(jìn)行總結(jié)。對(duì)全文的概括要完整，不能以點(diǎn)帶面，以偏概全。在具體的答題過程中學(xué)生會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)有個(gè)別選項(xiàng)是對(duì)的，但它對(duì)文章的概括不是很完整，這也不是我們所要的最佳答案。另外，選擇“最佳標(biāo)題”的題目也是屬于文章的主旨，但是標(biāo)題不僅要能完整地概括全文，還要簡潔明了，并能吸引讀者，這也是學(xué)生在選擇最佳標(biāo)題時(shí)應(yīng)把握的一條原則。2. 主題句定位法即通過分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，找出每一小段的主題句，然后通過尋找共同點(diǎn)，找出整個(gè)文章的主題句。主題呈現(xiàn)的方式有：說明文議論文記敘文在開頭√(較常見) √ √在結(jié)尾√(較少見)√√在中間√√中心貫穿全文√(較常見)l 例題例1. 開門見山式：主題句出現(xiàn)在文首。If you plan to take your pet on a trip, prepare ahead of time. At least two weeks before you leave, take your pet to a vet. See if he or she is tit for travel and ask if he or she should have any medicine before leaving. The vet may suggest certain pills for sickness or for calming the pet.The main idea of this passage is to _________.A. warn people to leave their pets at home B. give general information about pet travelC. tell people how to choose their pet boxes D. tell people about foreign pet laws【答案】：B例2. 藏頭露尾式：主題句出現(xiàn)在文尾……The practical meaning of this survey result could be that doing one kind act would make you happier, and the happier you feel, the more likely you are to do another kind act. This might also be used by charitable (慈善的) organizations。 reminding honors of earlier donations could make them happy, and experiencing happiness might lead them to make more generous gifts.What is the general topic of the passage?A. Advice on how to be happy. B. The importance of being generous. C. Donating things makes people happy. D. Being kind makes you happy. 【答案】：D【解析】：根據(jù)文段末句reminding honors of earlier donations could make them happy, and experiencing happiness might lead them to make more generous gifts可知本題答案為D項(xiàng)。學(xué)科！網(wǎng)例3. 尾呼應(yīng)式在有些文章中，為了突出主題，作者在文章開頭提出主題，接著進(jìn)行闡述或論證，在結(jié)尾時(shí)再次點(diǎn)出主題。值得注意的是，前后兩個(gè)主題句不是簡單的重復(fù)，再次出現(xiàn)的主題句往往是前面主題句的進(jìn)一步引申或發(fā)展。The number of rural(鄉(xiāng)村的) leftbehind children under 17 years old has increased to million, according to a report. These children39。s parents leave them with their grandparents or other family members in order to make money in cities. …… These children are the future of the nation. People should offer them their love, care and protection. The best title of the passage is____________.A. Serio