【正文】 age, milestone type wishing typewriter, typewritten well writer/written wellwishing, wellwrittenSTEP TWO:1)longdistance2)upbeat3)everready4)overdue5)typewriter6)milestone7)handwritten8)uplifted9)selfconscious10)rageared 11)birthday12)throughout13)drawbacks14)chairman15)teenage) act or practice of secretly planning to harm someone or make them lose their position of power2) very hard to do something using all your physical or mental strength force that stretches, pulls or puts pressure on something3) 。flavor the taste or flavor of。enjoy as much as you can4) something as being very special, important, or valuable store of gold, silver, jewels, ) … as having achieved something or being the reason for it 。faith 6) encouraging act of cheering somebody up someone feel more confident and less worried 7) short, usually informal, letter or pay careful attention to something 8) your signature on a letter or document to show that you wrote it, agreed with it used to express one’s meaning, idea, ) to a certain amount whole amount10) something with a substance or material11) number that is reached when something is being counted important12) to remain in the same situation remaining part of something13) praise or admiration of somebody expression of praise, admiration, approval, ) large number or amount in large numbers15) with a person, organization, country, (someone)by message, telephone, )thrives2)strategy3)annual4)deserve5)spontaneous6)sincere7)investments8)enterprise9)follow up10)characterized 11)lingered12)acknowledged: 1)D 2)A 3)B 4)Ctough: 1)D 2)B 3)E 4)F 5)C 6)A ) plimentary: 1)expressing admiration, praise, )given free of charge plementary: making something plete or perfect。supplying what is lacking or needed for pletion 2) stationary: not moving, or not changing stationery: writing materials(, envelopes, etc.)3) typewriter: a machine with a keyboard that you use for typing words directly onto a sheet of paper typist: a person who types, especially one employed to do so 4) vague: 1)not clearly expressed, known, described or decided 2)not clear in shape。not clearly seen vulgar: not having or showing good taste or good manners。not educated 5) pad: 1)several sheets of paper fastened together, used for writing, drawing, )a piece of soft thick cloth or rubber which is used to protect a part of the body, give shape to something or clean something6) owe: 1)have to pay, for something already done or given2)feel grateful own: 1) to oneself and to no one else 2)(something), especially by lawful right )searched2)clever3)solution4)wasted5)tolerate6)hidden7)dumb8)subject9)noise10)extra11)purchased12)replaced 13)appreciation14)hurried15)warrant16)strangeUnit 3從文化角度看性別角色在過去的幾十年里，已經(jīng)無數(shù)次地證實了這樣一個事實：構(gòu)成男子陽剛之氣和女子陰柔之氣的各種不同類型的行為、情感、和興趣都既是遺傳又是文化熏陶的結(jié)果。在成長的過程中，每個孩子學(xué)會了細(xì)微的行為舉止，數(shù)量之多數(shù)以百計，這一切都帶有文化的烙印，成了他們性別特征的一部分。有些行為舉止是直接學(xué)到的。也就是說，別人教孩子如何恰如其分地行事, 男有男的規(guī)矩, 女有女的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。另一些跟性別有關(guān)的具體舉止是無意識地或間接地學(xué)會的，因為文化為女孩子和男孩子提供的形象、向往的目標(biāo)以及成人的榜樣各不相同。2例如，最近對美國公立學(xué)校的一項研究顯示，在教育中存在一種男孩比女孩更受偏愛的文化偏見。據(jù)研究人員反映，這種偏愛是無意的、不知不覺的，但它確實存在，并每年都在影響著數(shù)百萬計學(xué)生的生活。為了研究在教育中存在的性別偏愛，戴維?賽德克博士和邁拉?賽德克博士夫婦錄制了教師在課堂上課的情形。他們的研究顯示，許多自認(rèn)為無性別偏愛的教師驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)，從錄像帶上看他們竟是那么偏心。從幼兒園到研究生課程，都可以看到教師們請男生回答問題的次數(shù)遠(yuǎn)比女生多。這對學(xué)習(xí)過程有著巨大的影響，因為總的來說，那些積極的課堂活動參與者對學(xué)習(xí)更加樂觀有信心，并能在今后取得更大的成就。事實上，在20世紀(jì)60年代末期，當(dāng)美國東北部多所最好的女子學(xué)院向男生開放之后，教授們和女學(xué)生們都發(fā)現(xiàn)男孩們正在“接管”課堂討論，而女生積極參與的程度則明顯下降。近年來，在法學(xué)院和醫(yī)學(xué)院的課堂上也發(fā)現(xiàn)了類似的情況：與男生相比女生處于次要的地位。3賽德克夫婦所做的研究顯示，教師有時候會按照固有的性別模式給女孩子和男孩子不同布置的任務(wù)，這樣便不知不覺地使女孩子不能像男孩子一樣積極地參與。例如，有位教師在給幼兒園的孩子上自然科學(xué)課時，不斷地讓小男孩去操作科學(xué)“實驗”，而讓女孩子只是做一些安放材料的工作。既然使用課堂材料動手操作是早期教育的一個重要方面，這些女孩子就這樣被剝奪了重要的學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)歷，這會影響到她們今后的整個人生。美國教師中一個具有代表性的想法是，男孩擅長數(shù)學(xué)和自然科學(xué)，這些學(xué)科都是“難懂的”、“適合于男性的”，而女孩會在語言和閱讀技能上比男孩強(qiáng)。這是教育中性別偏見的另一種表現(xiàn)。結(jié)果美國的男孩們確實在閱讀上出了問題，而在數(shù)學(xué)方面女孩盡管在九歲以前一直比男孩強(qiáng)，但此后卻落在了他們后面。這成了預(yù)言自我應(yīng)驗的一個例子。然而這些特征是文化造成的，而非遺傳的原因。例如，在德國，讀書學(xué)習(xí)都被看作是“適合于男性的”，于是在閱讀上有問題的便是女孩子了。而在日本，由于早期教育似乎不分性別，女孩和男孩在閱讀上就旗鼓相當(dāng)。在教育過程中對女孩和男孩的不同態(tài)度始于家庭。例如，有一項研究顯示了這樣一種情況：讓學(xué)齡前兒童看一幢房子的圖片，然后要他們說出家里允許他們走開多遠(yuǎn)，這時男孩所指的范圍要比女孩大得多，女孩指出的范圍很有限，而且離家很近。女孩們不像男孩那樣受到鼓勵去發(fā)展求知欲和動手能力，盡管這些正是與外部世界打交道時有用的；對女孩灌輸?shù)慕Y(jié)果是：對自己家外面的世界充滿了恐懼，且期望別人對自己的優(yōu)良品格和循規(guī)蹈矩的服從精神加以認(rèn)可。這類教誨從家庭一直延續(xù)到課堂。于是，在課堂里我們常?？梢钥吹脚兏蕾嚱處?，更注重作業(yè)的形式和整潔而非內(nèi)容，更在乎她們所給的答案是否“正確”而不在乎智力方面的獨(dú)立自主以及分析能力和創(chuàng)造能力的提高。教育過程占據(jù)了孩子除睡眠以外的大部分時間，社會則通過這一過程加強(qiáng)了它固有的價值觀，并按其傳統(tǒng)的、期望的模式造就了不同性別的人。Understanding the Organization of the Text(1)Introduction(para 1)It has been proven repeatedly that the various types of behavior, emotions, andinterests that constitute being masculine and feminine are patterned by both heredityand culture.(2)There is a cultural bias in education that favors boys over girls.()Supporting evidence called on males in class far more than on female students.(para 2)i)Its consequence: This has a tremendous impact on the learning )The reason for this: Active classroom participants develop more positive attitudesand go on to higher )Two examples: many of the former allwomen’s colleges, the boys were taking over the classroom discussions and active participation by women students had diminished similar subordination of female to male students has also been observed in law and medical school classrooms in recent assigned boys and girls different tasks according to stereotyped gender roles.()i)Its consequence: This prevented girls from participating as actively as boys in )An example: A teacher had the little boys perform the scientific experiment while the girls were given the task of putting the materials education is also reflected in the typical American teacher’ assumption.(para 4)i)The assumption: Boys will do better in the hard, masculine subjects of math and science while girls are expected to have better verbal and reading )Three examples: boys do develop reading problems, while girls, who are superior to boys in math up to the age of nine, fall behind from then Germany, all studies are considered masculine and it is girls who develop reading Japan, where early education appears