【正文】 est that we are as worried the hour before having a tooth filled as when we face major surgery. How do we deal with worries? Psychiatrists point to a number of defence mechanism. we can use to ward them off. We can avoid the situations which induce them, a sensible manoeuvre practised for example by those who refuse to fly in aeroplanes. We can deny that we have the worry at all, which may be risky if the worry is wellfounded. Alternatively, we may repress or somatiseit. Both are hazardous: the former may lead to freefloating, clinical anxiety, while the latter is a way of saying that many physical afflictions seem to be primarily emotional in origin. Temporaty relief from anxiety can be obtained through engaging in a variety of coping behaviours. These include many of the monest items of our behavioural repertoire. Smoking, drinking, sleeping, eating, taking strenuous exercise, daydreaming:all can be used to reduce anxiety when the occasion demands it. It is when they fail thatworrying or anxiety threatens to bee a clinical problem. Of course, some people worry more than others, whatever the circumstances. So far I have been discussing the state of anxiety, which is largely the product of the amount of stress an individual experiences. But anxiety is also a personality trait, closely related to Eysenck39。s neuroticism dimension, and the genes we inherit may predispose us to bee warriers. The importance of constitutional factors is underlined by the fact that people rarely have breadowns for the first time later in life, despite the fact that stressinducing events bee more frequent as we get older. It is difficult to decide at what point worrying ceases to benormal, but it is clearly rea sonable to worry. People get seriously ill, plans go awry, tube trains sometimes crash. In practice, anxiety is judged to be pathological when it curtails our ability to lead a normal ex istence. We can manage perfectly well without travelling in planes or lifts, and an evening out isn39。t spoiled by the fact that we are unable to leave the house without triplechecking the frontdoor lock. Such quirks are widespread in the general population and can easily be distin guished from the behaviour of someone unable ever to leave their house or people who can39。t go shopping for fear of trembling when they handle money in front of another person. In its oxtreme form, anxiety may be experienced either as a generalised, freefloating state（ the sufferer bees tense and frightened for no apparent reason） ,or it may be more specifically focused for example on open spaces, enclosed situations or certain insects or animals. Many people will have experienced the former taut muscles, dry mouth and the feeling of agitation, dread or even panic while mild phobias are also very mon. But at less intense levels, anxiety and worrying have great value. They help us to avoid trouble, or to cope with it when it cannot be avoided. Worrying may be an internal mono logue, allowing us to solve problems at times of crisis。 by worrying, we may understand bet ter the origins of the worry and thereby stave off a possible breakdown. It may also play a significant part in recovery from bereavement by helping us to e to terms with reality （ in these circumstances tranquilising drugs may be counterproductive） . In everyday life, anxiety energises us and improves performance of a wide variety of tasks （ including IQ tests） 。it also galvanises us to achieve more. Without it. it is difficult to see how there could be either social or intellectual progress. So worrying is not after all an unproductive activity. Perhaps the time to get worried is when you39。re not worrying. John Nicholson, New Society 31. One of the main reasons why people worry about the future is that they A. are aware of different possible consequences resulting from their actions. B. are incapable of analysis of their actions. C. do not know what the results of their actions will be. D. want to avoid their problems. 32. The fear of death A. decreases as we get older. B. depends on our religious beliefs. C. exists, irrespective of age or beliefs. D. has no logical foundation. 33. The best way to deal with our worries is to A. avoid all situations that might produce them. B. pretend that we are not worried. C. try to put them out of our minds. D. try to understand why we have them. 34. Such solutions to worrying as smoking, drinking and strenuous exercise A. are often satisfactory for a short time. B. do nothing to overe anxiety. C. make things worse if we are worried. D. merely produce physical strain to cover up mental stress. 35. The tendency to worry A. depends entirely on our experience. B. doesn39。t vary much from one person to another. C. is a social or national characteristic. D. may be something we are born with. 36. The proof of the relationship between anxiety and personality is that A. breakdowns are due to constitutional factors. B. people who have breakdowns usually show signs of stress when young. C. stressinducing events bee more frequent as we get older. D. we inherit genes that may make us worry. 37. The kind of people who refuse to get in to planes or lifts are A. a little unusual, but not enough to cause concern. B. likely to bee pathological cases. C. perfectly normal. D. so mon that society considers their behaviour reasonable. 38. A state of anxiety which is sufficiently serious for it to require medical attention A can be recognised because it is fixed on a specific object. B. displays physical symptoms which normal people never experience. C. is recognisably different from the behaviour of normal people. D.