【正文】 human brainsare a property of an old and cold and plicated at the start, in the first billionth of a second, we believe, or we39。ve observed, it was very 39。s almost like...imagine a snowflake in your hand, and you look at it, and it39。s an incredibly plicated, beautiful as you heat it up, it39。ll melt into a pool of water, and you would be able to see that, actually, it was just made of H20, it39。s in that same sense that we look back in time to understand what the universe is made , as of today, it39。s made of these 12 particles of matter, stuck together by four forces of quarks, these pink things, are the things that make up protons and neutrons that make up the atomic nuclei in your electronthe thing that goes around the atomic nucleusheld around in orbit, by the way, by the electromagnetic force that39。s carried by this thing, the quarks are stuck together by other things called these guys, here, they39。re the weak nuclear force, probably the least , without it, the sun wouldn39。t when the sun shines, you get copious quantities of these things, called neutrinos, pouring , if you just look at your thumbnailabout a square centimeterthere are something like 60 billion neutrinos per second from the sun, passing through every square centimeter of your you don39。t feel them, because the weak force is correctly namedvery short range and very weak, so they just fly through these particles have been discovered over the last century, pretty first one, the electron, was discovered in 1897, and the last one, this thing called the tau neutrino, in the year justI was going to say, just up the road in know it39。s a big country, America, isn39。t it? Just up the to the universe, it39。s just up the road.(Laughter)So, this thing was discovered in the year 2000, so it39。s a relatively recent of the wonderful things, actually, I find, is that we39。ve discovered any of them, when you realize how tiny they know, they39。re a step in size from the entire observable , 100 billion galaxies, billion light years awaya step in size from that to Monterey, actually, is about the same as from Monterey to these , exquisitely minute, and yet we39。ve discovered pretty much the full , one of my most illustrious forebears at Manchester University, Ernest Rutherford, discoverer of the atomic nucleus, once said, “All science is either physics or stamp collecting.” Now, I don39。t think he meant to insult the rest of science, although he was from New Zealand, so it39。s possible.(Laughter)But what he meant was that what we39。ve done, really, is stamp collect , we39。ve discovered the particles, but unless you understand the underlying reason for that patternyou know, why it39。s built the way it isreally you39。ve done stamp haven39。t done , we have probably one of the greatest scientific achievements of the twentieth century that underpins that 39。s the Newton39。s laws, if you want, of particle 39。s called the standard modelbeautifully simple mathematical could stick it on the front of a Tshirt, which is always the sign of is it.(Laughter)I39。ve been a little disingenuous, because I39。ve expanded it out in all its gory equation, though, allows you to calculate everythingother than gravitythat happens in the , you want to know why the sky is blue, why atomic nuclei stick togetherin principle, you39。ve got a big enough puterwhy DNA is the shape it principle, you should be able to calculate it from that there39。s a anyone see what it is? A bottle of champagne for anyone that tells 39。ll make it easier, actually, by blowing one of the lines , each of these terms refers to some of the those Ws there refer to the Ws, and how they stick carriers of the weak force, the Zs, the there39。s an extra symbol in this equation: , stands for Higgs particles have not been they39。re necessary: they39。re necessary to make that mathematics all the exquisitely detailed calculations we can do with that wonderful equation wouldn39。t be possible without an extra it39。s a prediction: a prediction of a new does it do? Well, we had a long time to e up with good back in the 1980s, when we wanted the money for the LHC from the , Margaret Thatcher, at the time, said, “If you guys can explain, in language a politician can understand, what the hell it is that you39。re doing, you can have the want to know what this Higgs particle does.” And we came up with this analogy, and it seemed to , what the Higgs does is, it gives mass to the fundamental the picture is that the whole universeand that doesn39。t mean just space, it means me as well, and inside youthe whole universe is full of something called a Higgs particles, if you analogy is that these people in a room are the Higgs when a particle moves through the universe, it can interact with these Higgs imagine someone who39。s not very popular moves through the everyone ignores can just pass through the room very quickly, essentially at the speed of 39。re imagine someone incredibly important and popular and intelligent walks into the 39。re surrounded by people, and their passage through the room is 39。s almost like they get get that39。s exactly the way the Higgs mechanism picture is that the electrons and the quarks in your body and in the universe that we see around us are heavy, in a sense, and massive, because they39。re surrounded by Higgs 39。re interacting with the Higgs that picture39。s true, then we have to discover those Higgs particles at the it39。s not truebecause it39。s quite a convoluted mechanism, although it39。s the simplest we39。ve been able to think ofthen whatever does the job of the Higgs particles we know have to turn up at the , that39。s one of the prime reasons we built this giant 39。m glad you recognize Margaret , I thought about making it more culturally relevant, but(Laughter) that39。s one 39。s essentially a guarantee of what the LHC will are many other 39。ve heard many of the big problems in particle of them you heard about: dark matter, da