【正文】 er, But, she said, the butter‘s bitter。 If I put it in my batter, It will make me batter bitter。 But a bit of better butter, That would make my batter better. So she bought a bit of butter Better than her bitter butter, And she put it in her batter. And the batter was not bitter. So it was better Betty Botter Bought a bit of better butter. Warmingup9 ? Engine, engine, 機車 ,機車 ,第 9號 ? Engine, engine, , Going down Chicago Line。 If the train goes off the track, Do you want your money back? spells no. And out you go! Yes. YES spells yes And out you go! ? Miss Lucy had a baby露西小姐有個嬰兒 ? Miss Lucy had a baby。 His name was tiny Tim. She put him in the bathtub to see if he could swim. He drank all the water and ate all the soap。 He tried to eat the bathtub up but it wouldn39。t‘t go down his throat. Miss Lucy called the doctor。 Miss Lucy called the nurse。 Miss Lucy called the lady with the alligator purse. Mumps said the doctor。 Measles said the nurse。 Nothing said the lady with the alligator purse. Miss Lucy punched the doctor。 Miss Lucy knocked the nurse。 Miss Lucy paid the lady with the alligator purse. Warmingup10 ? Twinkle, twinkle 閃爍 ,閃爍 ? Twinkle, twinkle litter star, How I wonder what you are! Up above the word so high, Like a diamond in the sky! ? Season 季節(jié) ? Spring is gay with flower and song, Summer is hot and the days are long, Autumn is rich with fruit and grain, Winter brings snow and the New Year again. Warmingup11 ? Time to rise 該起床了 ? A birdie with a yellow bill Hopped upon the window sill, Cocked his shining eye and said: ―ain‘t you shamed , you sleepyhead?‖ ? Dreams 夢想 ? Hold fast to dreams For if dreams die Life is a brokenwinged bird That cannot fly. Hold fast to dreams For when dreams go Life is a barren field Frozen with snow. Warmingup12 ? Rain 雨 ? The rain is raining all around It falls on fields and tree It rains on the umbrellas here And on the ships at sea. ? Epitaph on a pessimist一個悲觀主義者的墓志銘 ? I‘m Smith of Stoke, aged sixtyodd, I‘ve lived without a dame From youthtime on。 and would to God My dad had done the same. Warmingup13 ? Two pigeons 兩只鴿子 ? I had two pigeons bright and gay, They flew from me the other day. What was the reason they did go? I cannot tell, for I do not know. ? Love 愛情 ? ’ Tis time this heart should be unmoved, Since others it hath ceased to move: Yet, though I cannot be beloved, Still let me love! Warmingup14 ? She sells seashells她賣海貝殼 ? She sells seashells on the seashore。 The shells she sells are surely seashells. So if she sells seashells on the seashore, I‘m sure the shells she sells are seashore shells. ? The four seasons四季 ? It rains and pours much in warm spring。 In hot summer grows everything。 A good harvest es in cool fall。 In cold winter boys play snowball. Warmingup15 ? Here you can see the deep blue sea這里你能看到深藍(lán)色的大海 ? Here you can see the deep blue sea, This is the boat and this is me, All the little fishes down below, Waggle their tails and off they go. ? Ride a cock horse騎搖馬 ? Ride a cock horse to Banbury Cross. See a fine lady on a white horse. Rings on her fingers and bells on her toes. She shall have music wherever she goes. Part One: An Overview of Interpretation The History of Interpretation ? The Past ? 產(chǎn)生于原始社會 ? 貿(mào)易和文化交流的需要 ? 催化劑的作用。如：文成公主婚嫁西域；馬可 .波羅東游華夏。 ? 古代職業(yè)譯員稱作“譯”、“寄”、“象”、“通事”、“通譯” ? The present ? 20世紀(jì)初產(chǎn)生 ? “巴黎和會” ? 二戰(zhàn)：同聲傳譯 ? 聯(lián)合國 ? 我國的口譯情況 Definition of Interpretation ? Interpreting ,interpretation是一種通過聽取和解析來源語(source language)所表達(dá)的信息，隨即將其轉(zhuǎn)譯為目標(biāo)語(target language)的語言符號，進(jìn)而達(dá)到傳遞信息之目的的言語交際活動。 (梅德明， 1996） ? 口譯不是單純意義上的言語行為，而是一種涉及諸多知識層面的跨文化的交際行為。（鐘述孔， 1999） ? 相比 interpretation， interpreting更能表達(dá)口譯活動的動態(tài)特征。 ? 語言活動、文化活動、心理活動和社交活動。 ? 譯員的概念 P6 ? 問題：口譯難還是筆譯難 ? 口譯和筆譯的差別，有一條是源于口語和書面語的差別。口頭語比較自然、隨意、松散、有重復(fù)冗余；書面語則比較嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。例如： ? 例 1： Thank you very much. And eh, we truly appreciate eh your willingness to ,to eh have this meeting,and we sincerely hope that eh, it would to be a productive session. Definition of Interpretation ? 改為書面語： Thank you very much. We truly appreciate your willingness to have this meeting. We sincerely hope that it would be a productive session. ? 例 2：應(yīng)該說，一方面呢，呃，在廣東地區(qū)的，呃，從香港融資到廣東來投資，是不是啊，這方面呢，應(yīng)該說，沒有像原來那樣的增幅了。 ? 改為書面語：從香港融資向廣東投資的金額增幅，已不如過去那么高了。 ? 從以上兩例可以看出，講話人在說的過程中，邊想邊說，邊說邊想，有停頓、重復(fù)、口頭禪，用詞隨意性較大，結(jié)構(gòu)松散，逐步把意見表達(dá)得更加明確。這種口語，若加上音量強弱，手勢及面部表情，現(xiàn)場感就很強，很生動，有具體的語言環(huán)境，有特定的交流背景。口頭語言則對思維的敏捷性、隨機應(yīng)變能力要求高一些，書面語則對思維的周密性、用詞的準(zhǔn)確性、結(jié)構(gòu)的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性，要求比口語高一些?？谡Z和書面語的差別，同樣會體現(xiàn)于口譯和筆譯之中。如： ? 例 3： We should appreciate a prompt reply. ? 筆譯：如蒙即復(fù)，不勝感激。 ? 口譯：我們希望貴方盡快給予答復(fù)。 ? 上述筆譯是一種應(yīng)用文體，屬于正式書面語體，特別簡明、莊重、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?？谧g似乎顯得有些啰嗦。 Definition of Interpretation ? 例 4： We might say that our products are the very best on the market. ? 筆譯：順便奉告，我方產(chǎn)品在市場上獨占鰲頭。 ? 口譯：我們可以說，我們的產(chǎn)品是市場上最好的。 ? 筆譯可謂字斟句酌，講究嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，簡約生動，避免重復(fù)“我們”?？谧g可以重復(fù)經(jīng)下例 1和例 2講者的口頭禪，反反復(fù)復(fù)地冗余。為了通俗生動，口譯往往多用動態(tài)形式： ? 例 5：他吃得很多。 ? 筆譯： He has a good appetite. ? 口譯： He eats a lot. ? 例 6：我們把價格降低了百分之三十。 ? 筆譯： We made a 30% reduction in price. ? 口譯： We cut the price by 30 percent. The Characteristics of Interpretation ? 即席性強 (extemporaneousness) ? 壓力大（ stressfulness) ? 獨立性強（ independence) ? 綜合性強（ prehensiveness) ? 知識面寬（ miscellaneous ness) The Criteria of Interpretation ? 筆譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：嚴(yán)復(fù) “信、達(dá)、雅” ? 塞萊絲科維奇（ Danica Seleskovitch)(法）達(dá)意派“達(dá)意、通順” ? 鐘述孔 “準(zhǔn)確與流利的有機統(tǒng)一” ? 梅德明 “準(zhǔn)確、流利” ? 李越然 “準(zhǔn)、順、快” ? 仲偉合 “忠實、通順、及時” ? 方凡泉 “及時、準(zhǔn)確、完整、易懂、自然、流利” ? 綜上，“信、達(dá)、捷” (趙軍峰 陳林漢 .商務(wù)英語口譯 .北京 :高等教育出版社 .2022.) ? 方凡泉口譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)舉例分析。 ? 口譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一：及時 ? 口譯得在現(xiàn)場即時溝通，講求效果，立竿見影。譯員通常應(yīng)該在 3到 4秒之內(nèi)脫口而出，連續(xù)翻譯講者的話。間隔埋單超過 4秒，就會出現(xiàn)冷