【正文】 e process is reported to have 39。60meterhigh cylindrical structures39。 and to be a direct coal liquefaction process. While lacking formal confirmation, the process described seems identical to the Karrick process.Review of the last lesson Types of coal煤的種類 Lignite, Subbituminous coal, Bituminous coal and Anthracite. Coking and use of coke煉焦及焦炭的應(yīng)用 Coke is a solid carbonaceous residue derived from lowash, lowsulfur bituminous coal from which the volatile constituents are driven off by baking in an oven without oxygen at temperatures as high as 1,000 176。C so that the fixed carbon and residual ash are fused together. Gasification 汽化 Coal gasification breaks down the coal into its ponents, usually by subjecting it to high temperature and pressure, using steam and measured amounts of oxygen. Liquefaction液化 Indirect synthesis: Coal would be gasified to make syngas and the syngas can be condensed using FischerTropsch catalysts to make light hydrocarbons which are further processed into gasoline and diesel. Direct liquefaction processes: liquefaction by hydrogenation, Solvent Refined Coal, Karrick process The FischerTropsch process is a catalyzed chemical reaction in which synthesis gas, is converted into liquid hydrocarbons of various forms. The Karrick process is a lowtemperature carbonization (LTC) of coal, shale, lignite or any carbonaceous materials. These are heated at 360 176。C to 749 176。C in the absence of air to distill out oil and gas.Lesson3 Introduction Coal assay techniques are specific analytical methods designed to measure the particular physical and chemical properties of coals 煤質(zhì)分析技術(shù)是指用于分析煤的物理和化學(xué)性質(zhì)的特定分析方法。 Chemical properties of coal 煤的化學(xué)性能 Each type of coal has a certain set of physical parameters which are mostly controlled by moisture, volatile content (in terms of aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons)， ash content and carbon content. 每一種煤都有一系列物理性能參數(shù)，主要包括水分、揮發(fā)份（包括脂肪烴和芳香烴）、灰分和含碳量。 Chemical Analysis 化學(xué)分析 Coal is also assayed for oxygen content, hydrogen content and sulphur. Sulphur is also analysed to determine whether it is a sulfide mineral or in a sulfate form。 煤的化學(xué)分析主要包括氧、氫、硫含量的分析。對硫來說，還要確定是硫化物還是硫酸鹽。 Physical and Mechanical Properties物理和機(jī)械性能 Relative density, Particle size distribution, Floatsink Test, Abrasion Testing 相對密度、顆粒粒度分布、浮沉試驗(yàn)、磨耗試驗(yàn)/耐磨試驗(yàn) Special Combustion Tests特殊燃燒試驗(yàn) Specific Energy, Ash Fusion Test， Swelling Index test 比能、灰熔性試驗(yàn)，膨脹性試驗(yàn)Review of the last lesson Chemical properties of coal Each type of coal has a certain set of physical parameters which are mostly controlled by moisture, volatile content (in terms of aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons)， ash content and carbon content. Chemical Analysis Coal is also assayed for oxygen content, hydrogen content and sulphur. Sulphur is also analysed to determine whether it is a sulfide mineral or in a sulfate form。 Physical and Mechanical Properties Relative density, Particle size distribution, Floatsink Test, Abrasion Testing Special Combustion Tests Specific Energy, Ash Fusion Test， Swelling Index testLesson4 1 Concept of mineral processing It is a process of physically separating the grains of valuable minerals from the gangue minerals. 礦物加工是從脈石礦物中分離有用礦物的過程。 2 Function of mineral processing In the majority of cases the energy consumed in direct smelting or leaching of low grade ores would be so enormous as to make the cost prohibitive（昂貴的、禁止的. ）在大多是情況下，低品位礦石直接熔煉或浸出的能耗巨大、成本昂貴。 Mineral processing reduces the bulk and weight of material which must be transported to the smelter，the lack of undesirable waste materials increases the smelter recovery. 礦物加工能夠使送往冶煉廠的原料體積和重量大大減少，而且，因原料中的雜質(zhì)含量低，有利于提高冶煉回收率。 2 Main operations There are two fundamental operations in mineral processing，namely the liberation of the valuable minerals from their waste gangue minerals, and separation of these values from the gangue. 礦物加工有兩類基本的作業(yè)，稱為有用礦物從脈石礦物中的解離和有用礦物與脈石礦物的分離（富集）。 Liberation: Liberation of the valuable minerals from the gangue is acplished by minution to such a particle size that the product is a mixture of relatively clean particles of mineral and gangue. 解離：有用礦物與脈石礦物的解離是由粉碎來完成的，粉碎粒度要保證產(chǎn)品成為較為純凈的有用礦物和脈石礦物顆粒的混合物。 Concentration: Separation is usually achieved by utilizing some specific difference in physical or chemical properties between the valuable mineral and gangue minerals in the ore. 富集：分離通常利用礦石中有用礦物和脈石礦物物理或化學(xué)性質(zhì)的差異來完成的。 Mineral processing methods 1. Separation dependent on optical and radioactive properties 根據(jù)礦物光學(xué)性質(zhì)或放射性的差異。 2. Separation dependent on specific gravity differences. 根據(jù)礦物比重的的差異 3. Separation utilizing the different surface properties of the minerals. 根據(jù)礦物表面性質(zhì)的的差異。 4. Separation dependent on magnetic properties 根據(jù)礦物磁性的差異。 5. Separation dependent on electrical conductivity properties. 根據(jù)礦物導(dǎo)電性的差異。 Other important steps Heat treatment: Roasting, Calcination，sizing of the ore and dewatering of the mineral pulps. 熱處理：焙燒，煅燒，礦石的分級和礦漿脫水。Review of the last lesson 1 Concept of mineral processing It is a process of physically separating the grains of valuable minerals from the gangue minerals. 2 Function of mineral processing In the majority of cases the energy consumed in direct smelting or leaching of low grade ores would be so enormous as to make the cost prohibitive。 Mineral processing reduces the bulk and weight of material which must be transported to the smelter，the lack of undesirable waste materials increases the smelter recovery. 3 Main operations There are two fundamental operations in mineral processing，namely the liberation of the valuable minerals from their waste gangue minerals, and separation of these values from the gangue. 4 Mineral processing methods 1. Separation dependent on optical and radioactive properties 2. Separation dependent on specific gravity differences. 18