【正文】 9。 philosophy, regarded by most as forgery, was not the work of Chuangtse, who had so little to do with the gentlemen. On the other hand, I believe various anecdotes have been freely added by later generations into the extremely loose structure of the chapters.I have chosen here eleven chapters, including all but one of the first best seven chapters. With one minor exception, these chapters are translated plete. The philosophically most important are the chapters on Levelling All Things and Autumn Floods. The chapters, Joined Toes, Horses39。 Hooves, Opening Trunks and Tolerance belong in one group with the main theme of protest against civilization. The most eloquent protest is contained in Opening Trunks, while the most characteristically Taoistic is the chapter on Tolerance. The most mystic and deeply religious piece is The Great Supreme. The most beautifully written is Autumn Floods. The queerest is the chapter on Deformities (a typically romanticist theme). The most delightful is probably Horses39。 Hooves, and the most fantastic is the first chapter, A Happy Excursion. Some of Chuangtse39。s parables in the other chapters will be found under Parables of Ancient Philosophers elsewhere in this volume.I have based my translation on that of Herbert A. Giles. It soon became apparent in my work that Giles was free in his translation where exactness was easy and possible, and that he had a glib, colloquial style which might be considered a blemish. The result is that hardly a line has been left untouched, and I have had to make my own translation, taking advantage of whatever is good in his English rendering. But still I owe a great debt to my predecessor, and he has notably succeeded in this difficult task in many passages. Where his rendering is good, I have not chosen to be different. In this sense, the translation may be regarded as my own.It should be noted that throughout the text, Giles translates Heaven as God where it means God. On the other hand, the term Creator is an exact rendering of chaowu, or he who creates things. I will not go into details of translation of other philosophic terms here.《莊子》十一篇英譯譯者：林語(yǔ)堂Table:A Happy ExcursionLevelling All ThingsPreservation of LifeThis Human WorldDeformitiesThe Great SupremeJoined ToesHorses39。 HoovesOpening TrunksOn ToleranceAutumn FloodsTranslator39。s NotesA Happy ExcursionIn the northern ocean there is a fish, called the k39。un, I do not know how many thousand li in size. This k39。un changes into a bird, called the p39。eng. Its back is I do not know how many thousand li in breadth. When it is moved, it flies, its wings obscuring the sky like clouds. When on a voyage, this bird prepares to start for the Southern Ocean, the Celestial Lake. And in the Records of Marvels we read that when the p39。eng flies southwards, the water is smitten for a space of three thousand li around, while the bird itself mounts upon a great wind to a height of ninety thousand li, for a flight of six months39。 duration.There mounting aloft, the bird saw the moving white mists of spring, the dustclouds, and the living things blowing their breaths among them. It wondered whether the blue of the sky was its real color, or only the result of distance without end, and saw that the things on earth appeared the same to it.If there is not sufficient depth, water will not float large ships. Upset a cupful into a hole in the yard, and a mustardseed will be your boat. Try to float the cup, and it will be grounded, due to the disproportion between water and vessel.So with air. If there is not sufficient a depth, it cannot support large wings. And for this bird, a depth of ninety thousand li is necessary to bear it up. Then, gliding upon the wind, with nothing save the clear sky above, and no obstacles in the way, it starts upon its journey to the south.A cicada and a young dove laughed, saying, Now, when I fly with all my might, 39。tis as much as I can do to get from tree to tree. And sometimes I do not reach, but fall to the ground midway. What then can be the use of going up ninety thousand li to start for the south?He who goes to the countryside taking three meals with him es back with his stomach as full as when he started. But he who travels a hundred li must take ground rice enough for an overnight stay. And he who travels a thousand li must supply himself with provisions for three months. Those two little creatures, what should they know?Small knowledge has not the pass of great knowledge any more than a short year has the length of a long year. How can we tell that this is so? The fungus plant of a morning knows not the alternation of day and night. The cicada knows not the alternation of spring and autumn. Theirs are short years. But in the south of Ch39。u there is a mingling (tree) whose spring and autumn are each of five hundred years39。 duration. And in former days there was a large tree which had a spring and autumn each of eight thousand years. Yet, P39。eng Tsu {1} is known for reaching a great age and is still, alas! an object of envy to all!It was on this very subject that the Emperor T39。ang {2} spoke to Chi, as follows: At the north of Ch39。iungta, there is a Dark Sea, the Celestial Lake. In it there is a fish several thousand li in breadth, and I know not how many in length. It is called the k39。un. There is also a bird, called the p39。eng, with a back like Mount T39。ai, and wings like clouds across the sky. It soars up upon a whirlwind to a height of ninety thousand li, far above the region of the clouds, with only the clear sky above it. And then it directs its flight towards the Southern Ocean.And a lake sparrow laughed, and said: Pray, what may that creature be going to do? I rise but a few yards in the air and settle down again, after flying around among the reeds. That is as much as any one would want to fly. Now, wherever can this creature be going to? Such, indeed, is the difference be