【正文】 riting at the desk. （七）過去完成時 ( had done) （ 1）表示過去某時間前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作或情況，這個過去的時間可以用 by， before 等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句來表示；或者表示一個動作在另一個過去動作之前已經(jīng)完成。例如： 1） We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in. 2） By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles. （ 2）動詞 expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire 等用過去完成時，表示過去的希望、預(yù)期、意圖或愿望等沒有實現(xiàn)。例如： I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn39。t able to get away. 另外兩種表示 過去想做而未做的事 的表達(dá)方式是： 1） was / were + to have done sth, 例如： We were to have e yesterday, but we couldn39。t. 2） intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth, 如： I meant to have told you about it, but I fot to do so. （ 3）過去完成時常用于以下固定句型： 1） hardly, scarcely, barely + 過去完成時 + when + 過去時。例如： Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move. 2） no sooner +過去完成時 + than +過去時。例如： No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me. 3） by (the end of ) +過去時間，主句中謂語動詞用過去完成時。例如： The experiment had been finished by 4 o39。clock yesterday afternoon. (八 )一般過 去將來時 1. 一般過去將來時的形式 Should / would+ 動詞原形 was / were + 動詞 ing形式 2. 一般過去將來時常用于賓語從句中，其主語的謂語動詞為過去時態(tài)，可表示從過去某時看來將要發(fā)生的事情，如： He said that he would speak at the meeting. He was sixtyeight. In two years he would be seventy. （九）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時 ( has / have been doing) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行 時表示過去某一時刻之前開始的動作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過去某一時刻。例如： I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven39。t found it. 運用動詞時態(tài)要注意的幾個問題 （一）在時間和條件等狀語從句中不要用將來時態(tài) ，如 We’ll give him the book if he wants it. He decided to fight back if he was hit again. I’ll call you as soon as I’ve finished my work. (二 ) 時態(tài)的一致（時態(tài)的呼應(yīng)） ，如 We saw that the smoke was ing from a window. I didn’t know if she would e. He admitted that he had been on the march. *不進(jìn)行時態(tài)調(diào)整的情況： 1）從句說的是一種普遍真理，如： Long ago, people didn’t know the earth moves round the sun. 2）當(dāng)從句的謂語改成過去時可能造成誤會，如 Did he say that the train leaves at 5:30? （三）瞬間動詞在完成時態(tài)中的使用 ，如： 誤 ： I have received her letter for three months. 正 ： I received her letter three months ago. 正 ： It is three months since I received her letter. （四）注意某些要求一定時 態(tài)的句型 * was/ were doing sth. when … did sth. I was reading a book when the bell rang * was/were about to do sth. when … did sth. We were about to leave when the telephone rang. She was about to go out when it started to rain * 表示做事做了第幾次或共幾次，要用完成時態(tài)，如： It’s the first time I’ve seen her. We have been there three times. * It is / has been… since… It is (has been) two weeks since I came here. She said it was five hours since she had finished her work. * hardly… when… We had hardly got in the crops when it began to rain. Hardly had we got in the crops when it began to rain. * no sooner… than… I had no sooner e into the room than the door was closed. No sooner had I e into the room than the door was closed. 二．動詞的語態(tài) 語態(tài)也是動詞的一種形式，英語有兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，而被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。 1） We use electricity to run machines. （主動語態(tài)） 2） Electricity is used to run machines. （被動語態(tài)） 1． 不能用于被動語態(tài)的動詞和短語 （ 1）在英語中，不及物動詞不能用于被動語態(tài)，但有些不及物動詞（包括短語）容易引起誤用。如： appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, e true, take place, consist of。 （ 2）某些表示狀態(tài)或特征的及物動詞，如： bee, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit 也沒有被動語態(tài)。 2． 被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)形式 常用的被動語態(tài)有 下 表所列的幾種時態(tài)形式。 時間 一般時