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a particular 考慮總體中滿足 CLM的模型 我們現(xiàn)在研究如何對一個特定的 進行假設(shè)檢驗 0 1 1 ... kky x x ub b b? ? ? ? ?jb0 1 1 ... kky x x ub b b? ? ? ? ?jbBackground Review 背景知識回顧 ? The hypothesis to be tested is called the null hypothesis. 被檢驗的假設(shè)稱為零假設(shè) ? Hypothesis testing entails using data to pare the null hypothesis with a second hypothesis, ., the alternative hypothesis. 假設(shè)檢驗利用數(shù)據(jù)將零假設(shè)和另一個假設(shè)(替代假設(shè))進行比較 Background Review 背景知識回顧 ? The alternative hypothesis specifies what is true if the null hypothesis is not. 替代假設(shè)給出在零假設(shè)不成立時的真實情況。 ? Our goal: use the evidence in a randomly selected sample of data to decide whether to accept the null hypothesis. 我們的目的:利用一個隨機選取的樣本提供給我們的證據(jù)來決定是否應當接受零假設(shè)。 Background Review 背景知識回顧 ? Two kinds of mistakes are possible in hypothesis testing. 在假設(shè)檢驗中存在兩種可能的錯誤。 ? Type I error: reject the null hypothesis when it is in fact true. 第一類錯誤:當零假設(shè)為真時拒絕零假設(shè)(棄真) ? Type II error: fail to reject the null when it is actually false. 第二類錯誤:當零假設(shè)為假時未拒絕零假設(shè)(取偽) Background Review 背景知識回顧 ? Hypothesis testing rules are constructed to make the probability of mitting type I error fairly small. 我們建立一些假設(shè)檢驗的規(guī)則使發(fā)生第一類錯誤的概率非常小。 ? The significance level (level) of a test is the probability of a Type I error. 一個檢驗的顯著性水平是發(fā)生第一類錯誤的概率。 ? Commonly specified significance levels: , . If it equals , it means the researcher is willing to falsely reject the null at 5% of the time. 通常設(shè)定的限制性水平為: ,。如果為 5%的檢驗中錯誤地拒絕零假設(shè)。 Background Review 背景知識回顧 ? The critical value of the test statistic is the value of the statistic for which the test just reject the null hypothesis at the given significance level. 檢驗統(tǒng)計量的 臨界值 是使得零假設(shè)剛好在給定顯著性水平上被拒絕的統(tǒng)計量的值。 ? The set of values of the test statistic for which the test rejects the null is the rejection region, and the values of the test statistic for which it does not reject the null is the acceptance region. ? 假設(shè)檢驗中,使得零假設(shè)被拒絕的檢驗統(tǒng)計量的取值范圍稱為 拒絕域 ,使得零假設(shè)不能被拒絕的檢驗統(tǒng)計量的取值范圍成為 接受域 。 Background Review 背景知識回顧 ? A test statistic (T) is some function of the random sample. When we pute the statistic for a particular sample, we obtain an oute of the test statistic (t). 一個檢驗統(tǒng)計量( T)是關(guān)于隨機樣本的一個函數(shù)。當我們用某一特定樣本計算此統(tǒng)計量時,我們得到這個檢驗統(tǒng)計量的一個實現(xiàn)( t)。 Theorem t Distribution for the Standardized Estimators 定理 : 標準化估計量的 t分布 ? ?? ?? ?? ?。來估計分布,因為我們要用注意這是一個假設(shè)下,有在221j221j ? ~ ??C L M1:f r e ed o m of d eg r ee s t h eN o t e?by es t i m at e t oh av e w eb ec a u s e n o r m al ) ( v son d i s t r i b u t i a is t h i sN o t e)( ~ ?? sas s u m p t i o n C L M U n d er t h essbbbssbbbttseknttseknjjknjj????????The t Test (co