【正文】 Inner Eurasia the distinctive types of pastoralism that were to dominate the region39。s history for several millennia. Here, the horse was already being the animal of prestige in many regions, though sheep, goats, and cattle could also play a vital role. It is the use of horses for transportation and warfare that explains why Inner Eurasian pastoralism proved the most mobile and the most militaristic of all major forms of pastoralism. The emergence and spread of pastoralism had a profound impact on the history of Inner Eurasia, and also, indirectly, on the parts of Asia and Europe just outside this area. In particular, pastoralism favors a mobile lifestyle, and this mobility helps to explain the impact of pastoralist societies on this part of the world.2. According to paragraph 1, what made it possible for Inner Eurasian pastoralism to bee the most mobile and militaristic form of pastoralism?○It involved the domestication of several types of animals.○It was based primarily on horses rather than on other animals.○It borrowed and improved upon European ideas for mobility and warfare.○It could be adapted to a wide variety of environments. 1625 Paragraph 2: When the German chemist Lothar Meyer and (independently) the Russian Dmitry Mendeleyev first introduced the periodic table in 186970, onethird of the naturally occurring chemical elements had not yet been discovered. Yet both chemists were sufficiently farsighted to leave gaps where their analyses of periodic physical and chemical properties indicated that new elements should be located. Mendeleyev was bolder than Meyer and even assumed that if a measured atomic mass put an element in the wrong place in the table, the atomic mass was wrong. In some cases this was true. Indium, for example, had previously been assigned an atomic mass between those of arsenic and selenium. Because there is no space in the periodic table between these two elements, Mendeleyev suggested that the atomic mass of indium be changed to a pletely different value, where it would fill an empty space between cadmium and tin. In fact, subsequent work has shown that in a periodic table, elements should not be ordered strictly by atomic mass. For example, tellurium es before iodine in the periodic table, even though its atomic mass is slightly greater. Such anomalies are due to the relative abundance of the isotopes or varieties of each element. All the isotopes of a given element have the same number of protons, but differ in their number of neutrons, and hence in their atomic mass. The isotopes of a given element have the same chemical properties but slightly different physical properties. We now know that atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus), not atomic mass number (the number of protons and neutrons), determines chemical behavior.5. According to paragraph 2, why did Mendeleyev suggest changing the atomic mass of indium? ○B(yǎng)ecause indium did not fit into the periodic table in the place predicted by its atomic mass. ○B(yǎng)ecause there was experimental evidence that the atomic mass that had been assigned to indium was incorrect. ○B(yǎng)ecause there was an empty space between cadmium and tin in the periodic table. ○B(yǎng)ecause the chemical properties of indium were similar to those of arsenic and selenium.16311 11. According to paragraph 6, what is a possible explanation for the lack of light gases and ices on terrestrial planets?○The location of terrestrial planets caused them to lose some of the materials they once contained.○Terrestrial planets were formed much later than Jovian planets.○The position of terrestrial planets was different from that of Jupiter.○Terrestrial planets were formed out of different material than the Sun was.2118 Paragraph 4: Extracting heat from very hot, dry rocks presents a more difficult problem: the rocks must be fractured to permit the circulation of water, and the water must be provided artificially. The rocks are fractured by water pumped down at very high pressures. Experiments are under way to develop technologies for exploiting this resource.8. According to paragraph 4, extracting heat from very hot, dry rocks is difficult in part becauseO the underground rock must be fractured before heat can be removed from itO the water above the rock is under very high pressureO the rock breaks apart when water is pumped into itO the water circulated through the rock must be much cooler than the rock itself2126 Paragraph 3: Climatic changes at the end of the glacial period 13,000 years ago have been proposed to account for the emergence of farming. The temperature increased dramatically in a short period of time (years rather than centuries), allowing for a growth of the huntinggathering population due to the abundance of resources. There were, however, fluctuations in the climatic conditions, with the consequences that wet conditions were followed by dry ones, so that the availability of plants and animals oscillated brusquely.6. According to paragraph 3, the abundance of resources fluctuated sharply after the end of the glacial period becauseO locally abundant resources were quickly exhausted by huntergatherersO the temperature became much higher in some areas over othersO different types of plants and animals became available as the climate changedO the amount of rainfall varied radically from one period to the next2132 Paragraph 1: Think back to your childhood and try to identify your earliest memory. How old were you? Most people are not able to recount memories for experiences prior to the age of three years, a phenomenon called infantile amnesia. The question of why infantile amnesia occurs has intrigued psychologists for decades, especially in light of ample evidence that infants and young children can display impressive memory capabilities. Many find that understanding the general nature of autobiographical memory, that is, memory for event