【正文】 甲板” 。這些間甲板增加了裝貨與卸貨的靈活性，有利于分隔貨物以及改善穩(wěn)性。通向這些貨艙的入口是在甲板上設(shè)置的開口，它們被成為 艙口 。 The hatch covers must be watertight and rest upon coamings around the hatch. 艙口蓋必須水密并坐落在圍著開口的艙口圍板上 。 Some form of cargo handling equipment is always fitted which may take the form of derricks and winches or deck cranes. Deck cranes are fitted to many vessels since they reduce cargo handling times and manpower requirements. 某種形式的起貨機(jī)總裝在這種船上，其形式可以是吊桿和絞車或甲板起重機(jī)。甲板起重機(jī)裝在許多船上因?yàn)樗鼈兡軠p少貨物搬運(yùn)時(shí)間和人力需求。 These tanks may be used for fuel or lubricating oil, fresh water or ballast sea water. Fore and aft peak tanks are also fitted and may be used to carry ballast or to suitably trim the ship. Deep tanks are often fitted and can be used to carry liquid cargoes or water ballast. The water ballast tanks may be filled 第 5 頁 共 36 頁 when the ship is only partially loaded in order to provide a sufficient draught for stability and total propeller immersion. 沿船長方向設(shè)置雙層底，并將其劃分成各種液艙。這些液艙可用作燃油艙或滑油艙，淡水艙或壓載海水艙。船上也設(shè)置首尾尖艙，可用來裝壓載水或用來適當(dāng)?shù)卣{(diào)準(zhǔn)縱傾。船上常常設(shè)深艙，可用來裝載液體貨物或壓載水。當(dāng)船舶僅部分裝載時(shí)，壓載水艙可灌水以便為穩(wěn)性和螺旋槳總浸深提高足夠的吃水。 There is usually one hold aft the acmodation and machinery space. This arrangement improves the trim of the vessel when it is partially loaded. The range of size for general cargo ships is currently from 2,000 to 15,000 displacement tones with speeds from 12 to 18 knots. 住艙和機(jī)艙之后通常設(shè)一個(gè)貨艙。這種布置在船舶部分裝載時(shí)能改善船舶的縱傾。雜貨船的尺度范圍當(dāng)前為 2020 至 15000 排水噸，速度為 12 至 18 節(jié)。 Refrigerated cargo ships 冷 藏船 The refrigerated cargo ship differs from the general cargo ship in that it carries perishable goods. A refrigeration system is therefore necessary to provide low temperature holds for these cargoes. The holds and the various ?tween decks are insulated to reduce heat transfer. The cargo may be carried frozen or chilled and various holds may be at different temperatures according to the cargo requirements. 冷藏船與雜貨船的不同之處在于裝載易變質(zhì)貨物。因?yàn)楸仨氃O(shè)制冷系統(tǒng)為這些貨物提供低溫貨艙。貨艙和各層間甲板都作絕緣處理以減少熱傳遞。貨物可以冷凍或冷藏運(yùn)載，而且根據(jù)貨物的要求各個(gè)貨艙可以調(diào)至不同的溫度。 This type of vessel is usually faster than a general cargo ship, having speeds up to 22 knots. It is essentially a cargo liner having set schedules and sailing between fixed terminal ports. Up to twelve passengers may be carried on some of these vessels. 這種船通常比雜貨船快，具有高達(dá) 22 節(jié)的航速。它基本上是一種定期貨船，有既定的計(jì)劃并在固定的港口之間航行。這些船有的可以攜帶多到 12 名的旅客。 Container ships 集裝箱船 A container is a reusable box of 2,435 mm by 2,435 mm section, with lengths of either 6,055, 9,125 or 12,190 mm. Container are now used for most general cargoes and liquidcarrying versions also exist. Refrigerated versions are also in use which may have their own independent refrigeration plant or be supplied with cooled air from the ship?s refrigeration system. 集裝箱是一只可反復(fù)使用的箱子，寬度和高度為 2435mmX2435mm，長度 6055， 9125 或 12190mm 三種?，F(xiàn)在集裝箱船用于裝載大多數(shù)雜貨，而且也有轉(zhuǎn)載液體的集裝箱。冷藏集裝箱也在使用，它可以有自己獨(dú)立的制冷裝置或由船舶的制冷系統(tǒng)提供冷氣。 The cargocarrying section of the ship is divided into several holds each of which has a hatch opening the full width and length of the hold. The containers are racked in special frameworks and stacked one upon the other within the hold space. Cargo handling is therefore only the vertical movement of the container by a special quayside crane. Containers may also be stacked on the flush top hatch covers. Special lashing arrangements are used to secure this deck cargo. 第 6 頁 共 36 頁 船舶的載貨區(qū)劃分成幾個(gè)貨艙，每一貨艙的艙口大小與貨艙的全寬和全長一樣。集裝箱放在特殊的框架內(nèi)，并在貨艙空間內(nèi)一只箱子堆在另一只箱子上。因此貨物搬運(yùn)僅僅是用特殊的岸壁起重機(jī)使集裝箱作垂向運(yùn)動。集裝箱也可以堆放在頂部平坦的艙口蓋上。這種甲板貨物用特殊的綁扎裝置來固定。 The various cargo holds are separated by a deep webframed structure to provide the ship with transverse strength. The ship structure outboard of the container holds on either side is a boxlike arrangement of wing tanks which provides longitudinal strength to the structure. These wing tanks may be used for water ballast and can be arranged to counter the heeling of the ship when discharging containers. A double bottom is also fitted which adds to the longitudinal strength and provides additional ballast space. 各個(gè)貨艙用強(qiáng)框架結(jié)構(gòu)隔開，為船舶提供橫向強(qiáng)度。集裝箱艙外側(cè)船舶兩舷的結(jié)構(gòu)為箱形布置的邊艙，為結(jié)構(gòu)提供縱向強(qiáng)度。這些邊艙可以用來裝壓載水，并能安排來抵抗船舶卸箱時(shí)產(chǎn)生的橫斜。船舶也設(shè)雙層底，它增加了縱向強(qiáng)度并提供額外的壓載空間。 The acmodation and machinery spaces are usually located aft to provide the maximum length of fullboded ship for container stowage. Cargohandling equipment is rarely fitted, since these ships travel between specially equipped terminals to ensure rapid loading and discharge. Container ship sizes vary considerably, with container carrying capacities from 1,000 to 2,500 TEU?s or more. The twenty foot equivalent unit (TEU) represents a 20 ft (6,055 mm) “standard” container. Container ships are much faster than most cargo ships, with speeds up to 30 knots. They operate as liners on set schedules between fixed ports. 居住艙室和機(jī)艙通常位于船尾，以提供最大長度的豐滿船體用語儲藏集裝箱。起貨設(shè)備很少安裝，因?yàn)檫@些船舶行駛在特殊裝備的終點(diǎn)港間以確保迅速裝卸。集裝箱船的尺度變化很大，其集裝箱裝載能力從 1000 箱到2500 箱或更多。二十英尺相當(dāng)單元（ TEU）代表二十英尺（ 6055mm）“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”集裝箱。集裝箱船比大多數(shù)船快得多，速度高達(dá) 30 節(jié)。它們作為定期航船按既定計(jì)劃在固定港口間運(yùn)營。 Rollon / rolloff ships 滾裝船 This vessel was originally designed for wheeled cargo, usually in the form of trailers. The cargo could be rapidly loaded and unloaded by stern or bow ramps and sometimes sideports for smaller vehicles. The loss of public capacity due to undercarriages and clearances has resulted in many rollon rolloff vessels being also adapted to carry containers. 這種船原先設(shè)計(jì)用于有輪貨物，通常是拖車的形式。這種貨物可通過尾或首跳板迅速裝卸，有時(shí)候小型車輛用舷門。車架下空間和上部間隙損失了裝卸容積，因而許多滾裝船也設(shè)計(jì)成適于裝載集裝箱。 The cargocarrying section of the ship is a large open deck with a loading ramp usually at the after end. Internal ramps lead from the loading deck to the other ?tween deck spaces. The cargo may be driven aboard under its own power or loaded by straddle carriers or fork lift trucks. One or more hatches may be provided for containers or general cargo and will be served by one or more deck cranes. Arrangements may be provide