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ring us whatever we want, whenever and wherever we want it—may seem like just an extension of our alreadytechnologyenhanced contemporary life Confronting the Challenges of a Participatory Culture Media Education for the 21st Century ? “If it were possible to define generally the mission of education, it could be said that its fundamental purpose is to ensure that all students benefit from learning in ways that allow them to participate fully in public, munity, [Creative] and economic life.” — New London Group (2022, p. 9) Participatory Culture ? According to a recent study from the Pew Inter amp。 American Life project (Lenhardt amp。 Madden, 2022), more than onehalf of all teens have created media content, and roughly onethird of teens who use the Inter have shared content they produced. A Participatory Culture . . . ? With relatively low barriers to artistic expression and civic engagement ? With strong support for creating and sharing one’s creations with others ? With some type of informal mentorship whereby what is known by the most experienced is passed along to novices ? Where members believe that their contributions matter ? Where members feel some degree of social connection with one another (at the least they care what other people think about what they have created) Forms of Participatory Culture ? Affiliations — memberships, formal and informal, in online munities centered around various forms of media, such as Friendster, Facebook, message boards, metagaming, game clans, or MySpace ? Expressions — producing new creative forms, such as digital sampling, skinning and modding, fan videomaking, fan fiction writing, zines, mashups Forms of Participatory Culture ? Collaborative Problemsolving — working together in teams, formal and informal, to plete tasks and develop new knowledge (such as through Wikipedia, alternative reality gaming, spoiling). ? Circulations — Shaping the flow of media (such as podcasting, blogging). Implications ? A growing body of scholarship suggests potential benefits of these forms of participatory culture, including: ? opportunities for peertopeer learning, ? a changed attitude toward intellectual property, ? the diversification of cultural expression, ? the development of skills valued in the modern workplace, and a more empowered conception of citizenship. Implications ? Participatory culture shifts the focus of literacy from one of individual expression to munity involvement. ? The new literacies almost all involve social skills developed through collaboration and working. ? These skills build on the foundation of traditional literacy, research skills, technical skills, and critical analysis skills taught in the classroom. The New Literacies ? Play — the capacity to experiment with one’s surroundings as a form of problemsolving ? Performance — the ability to adopt alternative identities for the purpose of improvisation and discovery ? Simulation — the ability to interpret and construct dynamic models of realworld processes ? Appropriation — the ability to meaningfully sample and remix media content The New Literacies ? Multitasking — the ability to scan one’s environment and shift focus as needed to salient details. ? Distributed Cognition — the ability to interact meaningfully with tools that expand mental capacities ? Collective Intelligence — the ability to pool knowledge and pare notes with others toward a mon goal ? Judgment — the ability to evaluate the reliability and credibility of different information sources The New Literacies ? Transmedia Navigation — the ability to follow the flow of stories and information across multiple modalities ? Networking — the ability to search for, synthesize, and disseminate information ? Negotiation — the ability to travel across diverse munities, discerning and respecting multiple perspectives, and grasping and