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【正文】 容許應(yīng)力。 概率方法，這種方法采用極限狀態(tài)。 至少在理論上，概率法的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)是可以科學(xué)的考慮所有隨機(jī)安全系數(shù)，然后將這些隨機(jī)安全系數(shù)組合成確定的安全系數(shù)。概率法取決于： （整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的力學(xué)性能數(shù)值的分散性）； （由結(jié)構(gòu)制作和安裝造成的誤差和缺陷而引起的）； 對(duì)作用在結(jié)構(gòu)上的活載和恒載的預(yù)測(cè)的不確定性； 所采用的近似計(jì)算方法有關(guān)的不精確性（實(shí)際應(yīng)力與計(jì)算應(yīng)力的偏差）。 此外，概率理論意味著可以基于下面幾個(gè)因素來確定允許的危險(xiǎn)率，例如： ； ； ； 。 所有這些因素均與經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)條件有關(guān)，例如： ； ； ； ； 。 The construction technology rcPlain concrete is made of cement, water, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate (gravel or。 pebble), air, and through hardening of solidification and other admixtures, etc. To plastic concrete mixture into the template, and pacted, and then carries on the maintenance, in order to accelerate the hydration reaction of cement and water, and finally get the hardening of the concrete. The final finished goods has high pressive strength and low tensile strength. Its tensile strength is about one over ten of the pressive strength. The tension zone of the cross section, therefore, you must configure tensile reinforcement and shear reinforcement in order to increase in the reinforced concrete member is weak in tension zone. Due to reinforced concrete cross section on the homogeneity and the standard wood or steel section exist difference, therefore, need to modify the basic principles of structural design. Will be reinforced concrete cross section of the heterogeneity of proportional two part of the appropriate to decorate, can be the best use of these two materials. This requirement can be reached. Due to the concrete by the wet ingredients to form a mixture, after vibration and hardening of solidification, can make any kind of shape you need. If properly mixing of various materials of concrete mix, concrete high strength of manufactured goods, durable, configuration after reinforcement, can be used as major ponents of any structural system. Technology depends on the pouring of concrete needed ponent types, such as: column, beam and wall, plate and foundation, or continue to extend the pouring of mass concrete dam is finished and has already frozen concrete, etc. For beam, column, wall and other ponents, when the template is clean should be on the oil, rust and other harmful substances on the surface of the steel should be cleared away. Before pouring the foundation, the pit soil paction and water soak 6 inches, so as not to absorb the moisture in soil from newly poured concrete. In general, in addition to the use of concrete pump casting, stratified pouring concrete should be in a horizontal direction, and use a plugin or surface type high frequency electric vibrator tamping. Must remember that the excessive vibration will cause the aggregate segregation and bleeding of concrete, so it is harmful. Hydration of cement in the presence of moisture, and temperature under the condition of more than 50 176。 F. In order to guarantee the hydration of cement, the above requirements must be met. If drying too fast surface crack will appear, this will damage and the strength of concrete, at the same time also can affect the hydration of cement to adequately. Design of reinforced concrete member clearly need to deal with a large number of parameters, such as width, height, such as geometry size, the area of reinforcement, reinforcement strain and concrete strain, stress of the reinforcing steel bar and so on. Therefore, when choosing concrete section need to be adjusted, trial and according to the conditions of construction site, concrete raw material supply situ
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