【正文】 特點(diǎn)是把所有的一切都關(guān)機(jī)，并且通常包括時(shí)鐘源[7]，“看門(mén)狗”。掉電檢測(cè)器是在睡眠模式狀態(tài)狀態(tài)下[18]唯一工作的模擬量模塊。但是，因?yàn)樽詮脑撃K在我們的設(shè)計(jì)中不需要以后，我們已經(jīng)把它永久關(guān)閉，確保進(jìn)一步降低 “斷電”睡眠模式的供電。在處理和讀取傳感器時(shí)需要較小的延時(shí)，這個(gè)時(shí)候另一個(gè)節(jié)省功耗的模式，“省電”睡眠模式將被使用。隨著微控制器，其他外圍設(shè)備也提出休眠模式，以最大限度地減少能源的使用。當(dāng)節(jié)點(diǎn)是在睡眠模式時(shí)GPS被關(guān)閉。這是通過(guò)電源開(kāi)關(guān)TPS2092[19]來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。應(yīng)用程序不是每時(shí)每刻的使用使我們有機(jī)會(huì)讓無(wú)線收發(fā)器處在最低功耗模式下，這一模式的功耗不到其他模式1/5。表1說(shuō)明了節(jié)點(diǎn)上的各個(gè)組件的電力需求。以下假設(shè)是基于每個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)的組件能工作最低一年：?節(jié)點(diǎn)每3小時(shí)進(jìn)行測(cè)量。?假設(shè)，大部分的時(shí)候，沼鹿活動(dòng)在露天的環(huán)境里，可得到一個(gè)明確的GPS位置信息。?每隔一小時(shí)，節(jié)點(diǎn)通過(guò)RTC同步試圖與其他節(jié)點(diǎn)/基地進(jìn)行聯(lián)系。?只有70％的鋰離子電池的能量已經(jīng)假定可用[20]。?最后，我們假設(shè)一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)，每天會(huì)從其他節(jié)點(diǎn)收到最多7頁(yè)數(shù)據(jù)并想其他節(jié)點(diǎn)發(fā)送一頁(yè)的轉(zhuǎn)換數(shù)據(jù)。在一個(gè)月的時(shí)間里，該節(jié)點(diǎn)把它的所以數(shù)據(jù)都傳輸給基站。 按上述的假設(shè)和使用所述的硬件。為了滿足上述要求，鋰離子電池包8Ah的容量是足夠的。太陽(yáng)能充電可進(jìn)一步延長(zhǎng)節(jié)點(diǎn)的工作時(shí)間。在表1中，我們將用“TX”代表發(fā)送模式，“RX” 代表接收模式和“PD”代表斷電模式。 “組件在不同模式下的平均電流（以毫秒安培）的要求在第4欄給出。第5列“T”給所采取的傳感器及其它外設(shè)單次讀出的典型時(shí)間（單位為秒）。最后一列，即“C”是在不同的模式下各個(gè)組件每天的電流需求（mAh）。表1 節(jié)點(diǎn)壽命估計(jì)IV 總結(jié)本文提出了一種用于監(jiān)測(cè)野生動(dòng)物的無(wú)線傳感網(wǎng)操作原型。 野外感應(yīng)是一種緊湊，準(zhǔn)確，高效節(jié)能的感應(yīng)。除了高效節(jié)能，它還提供詳細(xì)的位置信息且擁有非常高的精度。 軟件協(xié)議和硬件實(shí)現(xiàn)都經(jīng)過(guò)精心設(shè)計(jì)，以實(shí)現(xiàn)優(yōu)化系統(tǒng)能源的要求。雖然GPS和無(wú)線電收發(fā)器等單元要消耗相當(dāng)大的能源，但是利用太陽(yáng)能充電機(jī)制，節(jié)點(diǎn)壽命將大為提高。英文原文：wildCENSE: GPS based Animal Tracking SystemAbstract—wildCENSE is a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) system which attempts to monitor the behaviour and migration patterns of Barasingha (Swamp Deer). The system would collect the microclimatic as well as positional information of the animal and municate it to a base station through flooding of data using peertopeer network. The base station, using a gateway, upload all the collected data to a database server on Internet and portray the information using browser based visualization software. Each node would monitor five parameters namely position (using GPS), temperature, humidity, head orientation and ambient light. Also, the node will have a real time clock for the synchronization of the network and to keep timing information. An external data flash memory would be used to record the data collected from sensors and other peer nodes. A radio transceiver would transmit the data to the base station by using a peer to peer munication protocol. A solar energy harvesting system for recharging node’s power supply batteries is being added to prolong the lifetime of nodes. The system would be integrated in the form of a collar that can be easily fitted on the neck of animal. Keywords GPS Tracking。 wildCENSE。 microclimate sensing。 Wireless Sensor Networks。 wildlife tracking I. INTRODUCTION Wireless sensor networks (WSN) invariably employ sensing from spatially distributed autonomous nodes. With a little jugglery of sensors, microcontrollers, radio transceiver and an energy source, lowpower and inexpensive sensor nodes (we’ll simply call them nodes) can be made to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion etc. at different locations. The task bees more challenging when the nodes are mobile. To further question the engineering effort is the case, where the node’s power supply should be sufficient for it to last years. Hence the acquisition, accumulation and relay of data impose a great challenge on the WSN39。s design viz. the strict energy constraints. The recent past has seen a wide variety of WSN applications namely Habitat monitoring, Seismic Detection, Environmental monitoring, Health monitoring systems etc., of which mobile nodes, dynamic network topology, munication failure, limited power supply, harsh environmental conditions are few of the varied challenges. To address the issues in wildlife monitoring and to understand the plex relationship of animals with their surrounding, scientists had to collect the required data manually by visiting the site. In some cases the search was made easier by tagging the animal with radio transmitters to relocate them easily, but yet the seemingly bigger part of the picture remained unaddressed: the efficient data collection. There are numerous reasons why it is difficult and not advisable to visit the site frequently. Firstly, studying the species without avoiding human contact is almost impossible. Frequent human visits or disturbances affect the species in ways unknown [1]. Secondly, keeping track of animal activity in the dark after dusk bee more of an adventure than an experiment or a study. Finally, it is not only time consuming but also money intensive job to keep track of animal migration as well as its feeding habits without using dedicated low cost sensor networking equipments. An automated system would thus be desired, equipping natural spaces with numerous networked sensor nodes to enable longterm data collection at times (even at night), scales and resolution which are very difficult if not impossible, to achieve by manual monitoring. It also allows collecting data without disturbing the ecology and yet represents a substantially more economical method for conducting longterm studies than traditional one. Significant proofs of concepts and previous attempts to monitor wildlife movement and habitat have been made like the ZebraNet [2] and Great Duck Island Experiment [1]. Learning from the experiences of the aforementioned, wildCENSE is an attempt on the same footprint, designed to have lower power consumption, better range, varied environment sensing features and more robust data backup system. wildCENSE is a WSN system which attempts to monitor the behavior and migration patterns of Barasingha (Swamp Deer). System being designed can be suitable for many more species of medium to large size. Equipped with a GPS, Radio transceiver and various other sensors, the hardware is designed to support the needs of wildlife monitorin