【正文】 n, James W. Kalat Chapter 1: What is Psychology? 14 ? Major categories of psychological research: Learning and motivation – A psychologist who studies and does research in this area is interested in how behavior depends on outes of past behaviors and on current motivations – Sample question: Do frequent or consistent rewards for desired behaviors produce better learning than less frequent or less predictable rewards? What Psychologists Do Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 1: What is Psychology? 15 ? Major categories of psychological research: Cognitive psychology – A cognitive psychologist studies the processes of thinking and acquiring knowledge. – Sample question: What do “experts” in a field know or do that sets them apart from other people? What Psychologists Do Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 1: What is Psychology? 16 ? Major categories of psychological research: Developmental psychology – A developmental psychologist studies the behavioral capacities typical of different ages and how behavior changes with age. – Sample questions: What do people do or know as adults that they do not know as children? Why did this change occur? Was the change due to biological changes, increased experience, or a bination of these? What Psychologists Do Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 1: What is Psychology? 17 ? Major categories of psychological research: Social psychology – A social psychologist studies how an individual influences and is influenced by other people – Sample question: To what degree do the demands and expectations of authority figures influence our behavior? How strong is the human tendency to conform? What Psychologists Do Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 1: What is Psychology? 18 Concept Check ? Which area of psychology research is concerned with whether or not punishment is an effective means of eliminating undesirable behaviors? – Learning and motivation ? Which would ask if people will obey an authority figure even when that leader is demanding behavior that might be classified as immoral or wrong? – Social Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 1: What is Psychology? 19 ? Which psychologist wants to know when language learning occurs most rapidly in children? – Developmental psychologist ? Which psychologist would do research to determine how memories are stored in the brain? – Biological psychologist (Cognitive Neuroscientist) ? Which psychologist would do research to determine how retention and recall of information in a collegelevel psychology course can be enhanced? – Cognitive psychologist Concept Check Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 1: What is Psychology? 20 ? Service providers to individuals – There are many types of psychotherapists, professionals with training in psychology who specialize in helping people with psychological problem. Psychotherapists are trained in a variety of disciplines. What Psychologists Do Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 1: What is Psychology? 21 Table several types of Mental Health Professionals Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 1: What is Psychology? 22 ? Service providers to individuals – Clinical psychologists have advanced degrees in psychology, with a specialty in understanding and helping people with mental and emotional problems. – They receive training in intellectual and psychological testing used in the diagnosis and treatment. What Psychologists Do Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 1: What is Psychology? 23 ? Service providers to individuals – Psychiatrists are trained as medical doctors. – In addition to learning the principles of psychology, they are educated in how to use prescription drugs to treat psychological distress. – Clinical Psychologist can also receive extensive training in the use of prescription drugs to treat behavioral disorders and can earn perscription privileges. What Psychologists Do Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 1: What is Psychology? 24 ? Service providers to individuals – Psychiatric nurses receive standard nursing education plus additional training in the care of emotionally troubled individuals. – They usually work in medical clinics and hospitals. What Psychologists Do Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 1: What is Psychology? 25 ? Service providers to individuals – Psychiatric and clinical social workers bine training in traditional social work with specialized knowledge of how to treat emotionally disturbed people and advocate for their wellbeing within the larger munity. What Psychologists Do Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 1: What is Psychology? 26 ? Service providers to individuals – Psychoanalysts are psychotherapists who use mental health treatment strategies that are based on the theories and methods pioneered by Sigmund Freud. – Freud believed that an unconscious ponent of the human mind affects our functioning in daytoday life. What Psychologists Do Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 1: What is Psychology? 27 ? Service providers to individuals – Counseling psychologists have an advanced degree in psychology and help people with educational, vocational, marriage, health, and other important life decisions. They receive training in therapy and some types of psychological testing. What Psychologists Do Introduction to P