外文翻譯---土耳其農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程中的環(huán)境問題-文庫(kù)吧
2024-12-25 16:37 本頁(yè)面
【正文】 ape Agreement. As a member of supranational and regional anizations, Turkey has felt pressure to take measures to protect its environment, and has signed and ratified many environmental treaties since the bodies implement policies related to urbanization and environment. The involvement of NGOs in environmental issues has increased since the early 1990s, placing increasing pressure on central and local authorities for good governance. Turkey’s overall urbanization policy is presented in the periodic 5year development plans prepared by the State Planning Agency. Urbanization and environmental issues have been included in these plans since the early 1960s. Initial plans did not favor the limitless growth of cities, and promoted the concept of an optimum urban size based on the relationship between development and regional employment opportunities. Later plans (starting in the 1980s) regarded urban development as the oute of economic, social, and especially industrial development, and suggested that urbanization bee an economic stimulus. During this period, articles related to the environment were added to the constitution, and international agreements such as the Barcelona convention for the prevention of terrestrial pollution were signed. The Ministry of the Environment was established during this period. The main planning principles were to promote livable cities and meet the needs of urbanites rather than slowing the urbanization process. Plans created during this period assumed that urbanization was a natural and inevitable result of development and industrialization, and must be managed so as to protect the environment while still contributing to economic development. The development plans of the early 1990s acknowledged some problems related to urbanization, mainly in the area of land resources, infrastructure, housing, education, and health. Special emphasis was placed on the pletion of city plans and efficient supervision 山東理工大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文 4 of development of surrounding rural areas related to these plans. The dramatic migration to urban areas that occurred during this period was recognized, and policies were developed to reduce the rate of migration by the late 1990s. The plans of this period included the economic and physical aspects of urban development, but also the social, esthetic, cultural, and educational aspects. Even though Turkish law mandates the participation of interested groups in decisionmaking related to environmental issues, there have been limited examples of efficient public participation in the planning process because many citizens do not believe that their opinions will actually be considered by the authorities. Decisionmaking power for management and planning of urban and surrounding areas has shifted gradually from the central government to the local level since the 1980s. Unfortunately, local governments tend to prioritize economic goals over environmental goals during local development and land use planning. However, centralized decisionmaking still prevails in the rural landscape. This leaves inadequate space for local initiatives to protect the environment according to the needs of smaller munities. The lack of bureaucratic coordination between the local and central authorities and the lack of relevant and reliable data and analyses undermines management efforts, and there is often confusion over which institution is responsible for various decisions. Therefore, despite the existing body of favorable legislation and the existence of central and local institutions, the principles, rules, and regulations are in disarray, and the authority gap has yet to be filled for environmental issues. Wasilewski and Krukowski (2022) state that environmentally sound urban planning will only take place in the presence of mechanisms that safeguard environmental interests. Such mechanisms include a role for governments and programs to raise public awareness of the need to preserve valuable landscapes. In addition, collaboration between urban planners, landscape architects, ecologists, and other experts is limited because of a lack of appreciation for the benefits of multidisciplinary cooperation. Bureaucracy also plays a major role in undermining collaboration both among different professions and between government institutions. As a result of these problems, unsustainable development of the landscape matrix prevails, in the form of rapid, sprawling, and uncontrolled urbanization, leading to social and economic problems. Especially in recent years, the spread of mercial and residential uses of land from inner urban areas to surrounding areas has bee mon, as has the development of slums and a higher rate of populat
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