【正文】
ed interest rate is: % x (10/Jun/2022 15/May/2022) x 10 million 2 x (15/Nov/2022– 15/May/2022) = $51, The dirt price is Pt = $9,454,220 Repo Numerical Example( 2) Assume that the haircut is 50 basis points (bp) = % Then the haircut is haircut = % x 9,454,220 = 47, and the amount borrowed is 9,454,220 – 47, = 9,406, On June 13, 2022 (T), the clean price of this bond is $9,691,000. (That is equivalent to say that the market rallied ~3% in the period.) and the dirty price is PT = 9,748,130. The Repo dealer delivers the bond and receives (1+ x 3/360) x 9,406, = 9,411, Repo Numerical Example( 3) Therefore the interest paid to the Repo dealer is . The trader receives the bond from the Repo dealer and pays 9,411, sells the bond to the market and receives 9,748,130. The trader profit is: 9,748,130 9,454,220 = 289, The return is 289, 1 = 511% Observe that the market rallied only 3% and the return of the position was 511%. 逆回購 的交易過程 Consider a trader and a Repo dealer. Suppose that the trader at time t wants to take a short position until time T then : 1. At time t, the trader sells the bond at market price Pt, and enters a Reverse Repo with the Repo Dealer. And hence, the trader receives the bond from the Repo dealer and pays cash for it. The trader delivers the bond to the market. 2. At time T, the trader buys the bond in the market at PT and sells the bond to the Repo Dealer at Pt plus the Repo rate. The profit is then Notice that lower PT higher the trader profit. 二、利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的定義與特點(diǎn) 利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的定義 利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是指由于利率的變動給投資者帶來損失的可能性,或是指由于預(yù)期利率水平和到期時(shí)的實(shí)際市場利率水平產(chǎn)生差異而給投資者帶來損失的可能性。 如果預(yù)期利率水平高于到期時(shí)的實(shí)際利率水平,在借入資金的條件下,有可能會預(yù)先確定較高的償還利率水平,從而造成利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn);同樣,在貸出資金條件下,對預(yù)期利率的高估會使到期資金的實(shí)際收益價(jià)值降低,增大了機(jī)會成本。 一般形成利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)必須存在下列條件,即利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的形成要素: ? 借貸關(guān)系的發(fā)生 ? 利率的波動 ? 利率預(yù)期與到期市場利率的差異 利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響因素 ( 1)借貸資金的供求狀況。( 2)社會經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行狀況。 ( 3)稅收政策與稅率,稅收政策決定稅種的設(shè)置和稅率的高低。 ( 4)通貨膨脹率( 5)國家政策( 6)國際利率匯率水平 利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的特點(diǎn) ( 1)利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)屬于市場風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是利率變動給投資者造成損失的可能性,而這種損失主要反映在利率變動引起的證券價(jià)格的變動上,因此應(yīng)屬于市場風(fēng)險(xiǎn) ( 2)利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是一種因素風(fēng)險(xiǎn),可以用因子靈敏度法計(jì)量; 導(dǎo)致價(jià)格變動的因素可能有多種,利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)度量的僅是利率變動引起的證券價(jià)格的變動,因此可以用市場因子靈敏度法。 ( 3)只有利率敏感性的產(chǎn)品中利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)才是主要風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。利率敏感性產(chǎn)品主要是債務(wù)類產(chǎn)品。 三、債務(wù)憑證的分類及相關(guān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 債務(wù)憑證的分類 – Treasury Securities – Debt backed by governments 。 ? MortgageBacked Securities (MBS) – Securities backed by a pool of mortgages. ? Corporate Securities – Debt issued by corporations. ? Agency Securities – Debt securities issued by government agencies, such as the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation Bank (Freddie Mac), the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) and the Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae). ? AssetBacked Securities – Securities backed by a portfolio of assets, such as credit card receivables. ? Municipal Debt (―Munies‖) – Debt securities issued by state governments and municipalities. 與固定收入證券相關(guān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn) ( 1)市場風(fēng)險(xiǎn)或利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 指由于市場利率變化給固定收益證券投資者帶來損失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。所有的債務(wù)憑證都面臨利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 一般來說,當(dāng)市場利率上升時(shí),債券的價(jià)格下跌,當(dāng)市場利率下降時(shí),債券的價(jià)格上升。 ( 2)贖回風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 指發(fā)行者在債券到期日前,提前贖回債券給投資者帶來損失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。很多債券具有提前贖回的條款。 Example: Mortgage refinancing.( 這種債券往往在市場利率下跌時(shí)實(shí)施,使 投資者的利息收入下降 ) ( 3)再投資風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 債券的現(xiàn)金流通常假定可以再投資,再投資的收入取決于當(dāng)時(shí)的利率水平。 ( 4)信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 指由于發(fā)行者的信用等級的下降給證券投資者帶來損失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。如: Enron, KMart. ( 5)收益率曲線風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 指當(dāng)實(shí)際收益率曲線與人們假設(shè)的收益率曲線發(fā)生偏差時(shí),給投資者帶來損失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因?yàn)樵诤芏嗲闆r下,人們是用一種債券(給定到期日)替代另一種不同到期日的債券。一般來說, 人們總是假定不同債券利率的運(yùn)動方式。但當(dāng) 實(shí)際收益率曲線與人們假設(shè)的收益率曲線發(fā)生偏差時(shí),投資者將遭受損失。這在套期保值的時(shí)候非常重要 。 ( 6) 通貨膨脹風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 指由于通貨膨脹給證券投資者帶來損失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。通貨膨脹增加,固定收益證券的價(jià)值將下跌( The value of the cash flows of a security move in terms of purchase power) . ( 7)流動性風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 指當(dāng)投資者希望賣出證券時(shí),他不能以現(xiàn)行的價(jià)格或稍低的價(jià)格將手中證券賣出,給證券投資者帶來損失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。亦即交易對手提出的價(jià)格,遠(yuǎn)低于合理價(jià)格水平。 一般情況下, 流動性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是根據(jù)出價(jià) 要價(jià)差測量的。 ( 8)外匯風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 指當(dāng)投資者持有債券的利息流為外匯時(shí),將面臨由于匯率變動投資者帶來損失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因?yàn)樗枰獙⑼鈪R轉(zhuǎn)化為本國貨幣。 ( 9)易變性風(fēng)